Us Universities
In the United States the title "University" is used indiscriminately of institu tions which are in reality universities, which are colleges, and of institutions which are so ill equipped as not to take rank withgood secondary school.
All of American institutions, except the Catholic University off America, are al so colleges. The combination of collegiate and university instruction under one cor poration and one executive administration is distinctive of higher education in the USA.
The private Universities are still very important, and most of the best-known institutions, such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton, are private. Harvard, the best known of all, is situated in Massachusetts. There is much in common between Har vard and Yale and together they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in England. Most public colleges and universities charge tuition, as doprivate universities. If the student is living awayfrom home he must add to his tuition fee room and board* expenses. Generally, private institutions are smaller than public institutions, more selective in admission policies and much more expensive.
The crowning honour of the University students is the degree of Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) although that of M A. (Master of Arts) - *obtainable in less time and much easier condition - is also sought. The minimum period of study accepted for the degree of Ph.D., is two years after obtaining the Bachelor's degrees, but inpractice, three or evenfour years of study arefound necessary. In addition to carrying on an investigation in thefield of the main subject of study, the candidate for the degree of Ph. D. is usually required to pass examinations on one or two *subordinate subjects, topossess a reading knowledge of French or German (often of Latin as well), and to
*submit - usually in printed form - the dissertation which embodies the results of his researches.
The degree of Master of Arts is conferred upon students who, after oneyear of university residence and study, pass certain prescr ibed examinations.
There is noprescri bed pedagogic method in higher education, but theprincipal techniques of instruction are lecturing, discussion and work in laboratory and semi nary - the latter *transplanted from the German universities. Much instruction is provided by the lecture method. In some colleges lecture groups might be as small as 15 or 20 students. In others, such as large state universities, lecture groups might comprise 500 students.However, in the latter case, these students are usually divided into smaller sections (15 to 30 students), which meet with an instructor or teaching assistant to discuss the lecture material and assigned readings, and to answer ques tions.
Most large institutions of higher education carry on programs of research. These programs may be related to teaching, the training of graduate students, indi vidual scholarship or request from federal or private agencies seeking solutions to specific problems. Very often programs include all of the above. Because of the amount of money required and the laboratories and equipment involved, some of the large universities have established researchprograms outside. The universities which have the largest scientific programs at the time (principally supported by thefederal government) are: University of California, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, University of Michigan, Harvard University, University of Illi nois, Stanford University, University of Chicago, University of Minnesota and Cor nell University.
Notes
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UNIT 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Grammar: The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
Read andpronounce thefollowing words; try to gu.ess the meaning of the in ternational words.
international organization, democracy, human, fundamental, responsibility, en hancing, heritage, social, migrants, private, biotechnical, signing, authoritarian re gimes, significant, security, minorities, transition, monitoring, priority, cohesion, em phasis, major, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Committee, foreign, alphabetical, budget, authorities, status, compliance.
Reading