Scotland

Although Scotland takes up one third of the territory of British Isles, itspopula­ tion is not very big. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. They reach their highest point in Ben Nevis (1343 m). Many valleys between the hills arefilled with lakes, called lochs. The best known is Loch Ness where some people think a large monster lives.

The most important city here is Aberdeen which is the oil centre of Scotland. Ships and helicopters travelfrom it to the North Sea oil rigs. Most of the population of Scotland is concentrated in the Lowlands. Shipbuilding is one of its most important industries, others are iron and steel, heavy and light engineering and coal-mining.

Scotland had been an independent state and wasjoined into the UK in 1707, after a long struggle for its independence. Edinburgh has been the capital since 15- th century, when its fortified castle was the centre of Scotland's resistance to its enemies. This city is the cultural centre of Scotland. It is associated with the names of George Gordon Byron and Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and

Arthur Conan Doyle. It is associated with the world-famous Edinburgh Festiv­ al of Music and Drama.

Wales

Another constituent country of the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is Wales. It became part of England in 1536 by the Act of Union. Wales is a highland country of old, hard rocks. The pride of Wales in scenery is Snowdonia, a region of high mountains. Except for coal, mineral recourses are limited, and include gold, silver, lead and copper. South Wales is industrially developed: coal-mining, steel production, electronics, electrical engineering can be found here. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the largest city of Wales. It is an important industrial city and a port and also an administrative and educational centre. Welsh literature is one of the old­ est in Europe. The love of good music is widespread. Now there is a growing move­ ment of revival of Welsh culturefrom which sprang the revival of Eisteddfod. Now it is afestival of culture and it includes competitions inprose, poetry and singing.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is the smallest component of the UK. It occupies the north east of the island of Ireland, only one-sixth of its territory. For seven centuries Irel­ and was a colony of Britain. As a result of the hard struggle of Irish people in 1949 it was proclaimed an independent state. The industrial Northern Ireland was retained by Great Britain as its small component. If one asks an Irishman away from home what he misses most about Ireland, he will probably tell you "the greenness". The fact is that the winds usually blow infrom the Atlantic Ocean and make the air and soil warm and damp. Grass grows well in such a climate and it makes the island look so beautifal. The whole economy of Northern Ireland is closely integrated with that of Great Britain. It has roots in 3 basic industries - agriculture, textiles and shipbuild­ ing. The largest industry is agriculture conducted fo r the most part on small family farms, occupying about 72per cent of the land area.

Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is the leading industrial centre and a large sea port.

l Comprehension check

1. What are the main countries of the UK and their capitals?

2. What is the area of the UK?

3. Is Great Britain a large or a small country in area and population?

4. Which is the highest point in the British Isles?

5. Which is the largest industrial and most densely-populated country of the UK?

6. Why is Aberdeen the most important city in the Highlands?

7. Why has the sea been important in the history of England?

8. What do you know about the reason why Scotland is not densely populated?

9. What do you know about the history of Ireland and the Irish people? 10.What branches of industry are developed in different parts of the UK?

II.Agree or disagree with thefollowing statements:

1. The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of 5 mainparts.

2. Birmingham is a capital of Scotland.

3. The UK is separated from the European continent by the English Channel and Strait of Dover.

4. Great Britain is not one of the world's most crowded countries.

5. England is the smallest of the 4 parts which make up Great Britain.

6. The Lake District is an industrial area.

7. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland.

8. Loch Ness is situated in Wales.

9. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the largest city of Wales. 10.Northern Ireland occupies one-third of territory of island of Ireland.

11. The largest industry of Northern Ireland is agriculture.

m.Fill each gap, using the wordsfrom the text.

1. TheUKis an ...state.

2. It is situated off the ... cost of Europe.

3. Great Britain is separated from the ... continent by the ... Channel.

4. The Gulf Stream brings warm water and ... across the...

5. The UK has ... of about 5 7 million.

4. Speak about England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, using the key words: location, capital, history, main industries.

4. Work inpairs. Ask you partner to tellyou about the leading branches of in­ dustries in Great Britain. Make up a dialogue.

London

London, the capital of Britain, is one of the largest and oldest cities in the world. It is situated on the river Thames aboutforty milesfrom its mouth. It is divided into twoparts by the river. The more important part, with most of the chief buildings, stands on the north bank. Infact there are several Londons.

First there is the City of London. It covers only about a square mile. Only afew thousand of people live there. There is the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and offices of many of the wealthiest corporations of the world. It is the financial and business centre of England and usually called "the City". During the day it isfull of people; about half a millionpeople work there. But at the end of the day businessmen and clerks go home and the City becomes silent. The centre of the British press is Fleet Street, it is also in the City.

Another important district of London is Westminster. Here one can see Houses of Parliament with the famous Big Ben, a huge clock built over a century ago. The chimes and strikes of Big Ben have achieved worldwide fame from broadcasting. Across the road is Westminster Abbey. It is a magnificent cathedral at which all Brit-

ish kings and queens are crowned. Many famous people are buried in the Abbey, among them are Chauser, Newton, Darwin, Dickens and Kipling most governmental offices such as Foreign Office, Home Office, etc. are concentrated in this part of the capital. Downing Street No 10 is the official town residence of the Prime Minister. Buckingham Palace is the town residence of the queen. In this part of London and further west are the finest theatres, cinemas, concert halls, large museums, rich shops, hotels and restaurants, fashionable houses and numerous parks. Thefamous Hyde Park and Kensington Garden are surely the best. All these areas are called the West End.

The vast area running eastward from the City is the East End. It has all the main docks and a lot of factor ies. As a matter offact it is the poorest district of the rich capital.

Notes

1. mouth (of the river) - ycTDe (pe:crn)

2. The Stock Exchange - 6Hpxca

3. clerk - l.JHHOBHHK, CJIYXCaru;H:H

4. the chimes (of the clock) - icypaHThl,rrepe3BOH

Answer the questions:

1. Why is it said that there are several Londons? What are they? 2. Where is Fleet Street? 3. Where is Buckingham Palace? What kind of building is it? 4. Who lives in Downing Street No 10? 5. What is Westminster Abbey? What is it known for? 6. In what part of London are the docks?

Brush up your talk

FROM THE HISTORY OF LONDON

Speaking about London you must keep in mind that it is unlike any other city in the world. It has rather wide streets but low houses. It looks gray because there is so mush rain and fog there. Only buses and pillar- boxes are bright red. The city has never beenplanned and it has many parts which are differentfrom each other.

It is certain that there was a town or settlement of some kind on or near the place of what is now the City of London before the.first Roman invasion in 55 B.C. That it was a town of some importance during the Roman occupation of England is shown by the existing remains of London buildings and of the wall which the Romans built round London. The Roman occupation lasted more than 400 years and came to an end in 409 A.D. Then the Saxons conquered England and London appears to have been deserted for about a hundred years. But during the seventh century it began to recover and it became a trading centre and a port . After the Norman Conquest of England, London grew in size, wealth and influence.

Answer the questions:

1. Why do we say that Londonis unl ke any other cityin the world? 2. s t correctif we say that London has never beenp anned? What proves this thought? 3. Was there a town or sett ement on or near the place of the city of London before the first Roman invasion? 4. What town was London during the Roman occupation? What are the proofs? 5. Howlong did the Roman occupat onlast? When d dit come to an end? 6. Was London asimportant with the Saxons asit had been? 7. When didit beg nto re­ cover? What didit become? 8. Whendid Londongrow in s ze, wea th and influence?

Say it in English:

1. BeJIHKo6pHTaHIDI pacnoJio>KeHa Ha EpHTaHCKHX ocrposax. 2.IlpoJIHB Jia-MaHm oT,n;emieT BeJIHKo6pHTaHHIO OT esponeH:cKoro KOIITHHeHTa.3. CesepHLie H 3ana,n;H1>1e paH:oHLI,B OCHOBHOM,ropHCTDie. 4. TeM3a sna,n;aer B CesepHoe Mope. 5. KnHMaT Be­ JIHKo6pHTaHHH WITKHH 6Jiaro,n;ap.SI TeIIJIOMY TeqeHHIO roJib<PCTPHM. 6. CrpaHa 6ora­ Ta IlOJie3HhlMH HCKonaeMLIMH. 7. AlrrJIIDI, Ha3hlBaeMWI paHee "MacTepCKOH MHpa"' CTaJia nepBOH Bb COKOpa3BHTOH rrpOMhlIIUieHHOH crpaHOH. 8. "CHTH" JlOH,ZJ;OHa 3a­ HHMaeT JIHIIIh 0,ZJ;HY KBa,n;paTHyro MHJIIO. 9. 3TO <i>HHaHCOBLIH H ,n;eJIOBOH n;eHrp JloH­

,ZJ;OHa. 10. ,[VieM "cHTH" MHOrOJIIO,ZJ;eH,BeqepoM nycTeeT. 11. Cl>JIHT-CTPHT - 3TO cep,n;­

u;e lipHTaHCKOH rrpeccLI. 12. B seJIHqecTBeHHOM co6ope BecTMHHCTepa KopoH)'lOT aHrJIHHCKHX MOHapxos. 13. BeJIHKo6pHTaHIDI Haxo,n;HTC.SI Ha nepeceqeHHH MopcKHX nyre:H:. 14. Iloro,n;a Ha IipHTaHcKHX ocrposax qacTo ryMaHHa H ,ZJ;O:>KAJIHBa. 15. TeM­ nepaTYPa 3HMOH peo onycKaeTCH HIDKe eymI.

FROM THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN

Ifyou look at the map of Great Britain you'll see two islands. In the old days, a long, long while ago, these islands were in the same place and the stormy sea roared round them, just as it roars now. But the sea was not alive then, with great ships and brave sailors sailing to and from all parts of the world. The people living on these islands knew nothing of the rest of the world and the rest of the world knew nothing of them. Once some ancient people came in ships to these islands andfound that they produced tin and lead. They traded with the Britons (the native inhabitants of the isl­ ands)for these metals and gave them other useful things in exchange.

At that time the whole country was covered with forest. The greater part of it was misty and cold. The Britons planted little corn, but they could make cloth and were clever in basket-work. Such were the conditions of life of the ancient Britons when the Romans came one late summer morning of theyear 55 B.C.

(After Charles Dickens)

Notes

1. to roar - peseTL

2. alive - O>KHBJieHHLIH

3. ancient -,n;peBHHH

4. tin - OJIOBO

8. corn - 3epHo

9. cloth - TKaHb

10. The Romans - pHMJI}[He

11. B.C. (before Christ) - ,n;o Hame:H:

5. lead -CBHHe:u;

6. to trade - ToproBaTb

7. in exchange - B o6MeH

3phl

12. native inhabitants - KopeHHhle iKHTeJIH

13. The Britons -6pHTThl

1. Answer the questions:

1. What have you just heard about the two islands, making up Great Britain? 2. What was Great Britain covered with at that time? 3. What were the native inhabitants of the islands called? 4. Who began to trade with the Britons? 5. What could the Britons do? 6. When did the Romans come to Great Britain?

2. Ask your groupmates:

where Great Britain is situated; by what channel it is separated from the continent; what parts it includes; what the official name of the country is; what kind of relief the country has; what the highest mountain is and where it is; if the territory of England is flat; what they know about the Thames; what kind of climate they have in Great Britain; if the country is rich in mineral resources; what the main branches of British industry are; what it produces besides woolen and cotton textiles; if Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country.

Improve Your Listening Comprehension

1. Listen to the text and retell it:

Great Britain has a very good position as it lies on the crossways of the sea routes from Europe to the other parts of the world. There are many countries which are connected with Great Britain by sea. Thanks to the Gulf-stream the climate of Great Britain is mild. It is often foggy and rainy. The summer is not very hot and the winter is not very cold. Winter temperature seldomfalls below zero.

Notes

1. on the crossways of the sea routes - Ha MecTe rrepeceqeHIDI MOpCKHX MapmpyroB

2. the Gulf-stream - TeqeHHe rom,<l>CTJlHM

2. Answer the questions:

1. What do we say about the climate of a country in which winters are not very cold and summers are not very hot? 2. Has Great Britain a good or a bad position?

3. What countries are connected with Great Britain by sea? 4. What makes the cli­ mate of Great Britain mild? 5. What are summers and winters like in Britain?

3. Put the words in brackets in the correctform :

1. The sea (to keep) the island warm in winter and (to make) the air cool in summer.

2. The rivers and lakes (to be) seldom covered with ice. 3. The weather very often (to

change) in England. 4. It is autumn. The leaves (to fall) and you can see lots of them (to lie) on the ground. 5. The last few leaves (to fall) off the branches of the big tree (to grow) in front of the window. 6. Inautumn the days (to get) shorter and it (to get) dark early in the afternoon. 7. Sometimes dark clouds (to gather) in the sky and it of­ ten (to rain). 8. Spring (to come). The sun (to shine) brightly and you can see green grass (to grow) in the parks and gardens. 9. The birds (to return) from the hot coun­ tries and we can hear them (to sing) in the woods.

The Political System of Great Britain

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. The monarch reigns with the sup­ port of Parliament. Everything today is done in the Queens name. It is her govern­ ment, her armed forces, her law courts and so on. She appoints all the Ministers in­ cluding the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected Government. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they meet together on symbolic occasions such as the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament.

British Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In reality, the House of Commons has true power. All new bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons. lf the majority of the mem­ bers are infavour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated andfinally to the monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes a law.

The House of Commons consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short), each of whom represents an area in England., Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Parliamentary elections must be held every 5 years. The minimum voting age is 18. The election is decided on a simple majority -the candidate with most votes wins.

The British parliamentary system depends onpolitical parties. Theparty which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his or her party to become the Cabinet of Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of the government. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "Shadow cabinet".

The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members. The House of Commons ispresided over by Speake r, a member acceptable to the whole House MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one sidefor the governingparty and the otherfor the oppo­ sition. Thefirst two rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of bothparties (called ".front-benchers ' , the back benches belong to the rank-and-file MPs ("back­ benchers'. Each session of the House of Commons lastsfor 160-175 days. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. MPs have to catch the Speaker s eye when they want to speak, then they risefrom where they have been sitting to address the House and must do so without either reading aprepared speech or consulting notes.

35

The other House of Parliament is the House of Lords. The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work of the House.

This House consists of those lords who sit by right of inheritance and those men and women who have been given life peerages which end with the life of their possessors. Members of this Upper House are not elected. They sit there because of their rank. The chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor and he sits on a special seat called the Woo/sack. The members of the House of Lords debate a bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons. Changes may be recommended, and agreement between the two Houses is reached by negotiations. The Lord's main power consists of being able to delay non-financial billsfor a period of a year. The House of Lords is the only non-elected second chamber in the parliaments of the world.

Political parties first emerged in Britain at the end of the 17-th century. The Conservative and Liberal Parties are the oldest and until the end of the 19-th cen­ tury they were the only parties elected to the House of Commons. The main British political groupings are the Conservative and Labour Parties and the Party of Liber­ al Democrats. There are also some smaller parties: the Scottish National and Welsh Nationalist Parties and others.

The conservative Party is often called the Tory Party. Today it is the party of big business, industry, commerce and landowners. Most of the money needed to run the party comes from large firms and companies. The party represents those who believe in private enterprise as opposed to state-owned undertakings. The Tories are a mixture of the rich and privileged, the monopolists and landowners.

The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party are more than 300 years old. In the middle of the 19-th century the Liberal Party represented the trading and manu­ facturing classes. Then many working people looked at it as alternative to the Con­ servatives. In 1988 the Liberal Party made an alliance with Social Democrats and the Party of Liberal Democrats wasformed.

The Labour Party, formed in 1900, was the one which drew away working people's support. It wasfounded by the Trades Unions. When the Labour Govern­ ment wasfirst elected in 1945 it showed a considerable change in policy from the Tories. In home policy the tendencies of the Labour Party are to nationalize gas, electricity, coal and the railway.

Notes

1. chamber - muiaTa rrapJiaMeHTa

2. bill - 6HJIJib,3aKOHOrrpoeKT

3. "Shadow cabinet" - "TeHeBOH Ka6HHeT MHHHCTJ>OB

4. general election - sceo6:m11e Bbl6opb1

5. by-election - .IJ:OIIOJIHHTeJILHble Bbl60pb1

6. "front-benchers" - PYKOBO.IJ:Hlll;He 11.JieHhl 06e11x rrapJiaMeHTCKHX rrapm:H

7. "back-benchers" - p.s.c,n:oBble 1:1JieHbl rroJIHTWieCKHX rrapTH:H, rrpe,n;cTaBJieHHhlX B

rrapna.MeHTe

5. right of inheritance - Hacrre,n;Hoe rrpaim

6. Lord Chancellor - Jiop,n;-KaHn;rrep

7. the Conservative Party -KoHcepBaTHBHaJI rrapTIDI

8. the Liberal Party - JlH6eparr1>HaJ1 rrapnu1

9. the Labour Party - Jle:H6opHcTcKaJ1 rrapTID1

Improve your listening comprehension. Listen to thefollowing text and retell it

THEPRINCE OF WALES AND THEDUKE OF CORNWALL

The Prince of Wales is the title which is given to the ldng's (queen's) eldest son when he becomes 18. The origin of this title goes back to the time of Edward I When Edward I destroyed Welsh independence in the war of 1282-1283, he created an un­ written law maldng the eldest son of an English ldng the Prince of Wales. The ldng's son inherits the title of Prince of Wales at a special ceremony and automatically is pronounced ldng when the old ldng dies. Hence we have the saying "The ldng is dead, long live the ldng ".

Notes

1. Edward I - 3.n;yap.n; I, KOpOJib AHr.JmH (1272-1307)

2. to inherit - Hacne,n;oBaTh

Answer the questions:

1. What title does the king' eldest son inherit? 2. Since what time does this tradition exist in Britain? Who introduced it? 3. What is the title of the king's eldest son at his birth? 4. What is the meaning of the saying "The king is dead, long live the king"?

Writing

Translate the following text using a dictionacy

LEGISLATION

Legislation is initiated in the House of Parliament in theform of Bills. Public Bills are of two ldnds, those introduced by the Government of the day, and those in­ troduced by a private member. A Bill (except a Money Bill, which must originate in the House of Commons) can be introduced in either House and when presented rece­ ives its First Reading, after which it is printed and circulated to members. The next

stage is the second Reading, in the debate on which the issues raised are discussed. If

passed it reaches the Committee Stage and is referred to a Committee. Bills of major importance are usually sent to a Committee of the whole House. In Committee a Bill is discussed clause by clause, and is returned to the House with or without amend­ ment. The next step is the Report Stage when the Bill is accepted by the House or sent

back to the same or another Committee for {u.rther consideration. Finally the Bill receives its Third Reading and is sent to the House of Lords. When a Bill has been passed by both Houses it becomes an Act of Parliament, on receiving the Royal As­ sent. which is signified by the Sovereign on the Throne. Thepower to withhold assent (colloquially known as the Royal Veto) resides in the sovereign, but has not been ex­ ercised in the United Kingdom since 1707, in the reign of Queen Anne 2.

Notes

1. legislation - 38.KOHO)l;aTellhCTBO

2. to initiate - HaqJfHaTh

4.to be printed - 6DIT1> Harreqanrn­ HhlM

3. to pass a bill - rronyqHTb o.n;o6pe­ HHe, 6hlTh IIpHIDIThlM

5. to introduce a bill - BHOCHTh 3a­ KOHorrpoeKT Ha paCCMO'rpeHHe

6. to be circulated - 6DITL pacrrpo­ CTJ>aHeHHhlM

7. issue - CIIOpHhlH BOIIpOC

8. debate - o6cyQeHHe

9. amendment - rrorrpaBKa

10. to be accepted - rrpHHHMaTh

11. for further consideration - Ha

,n;am,Hei'irnee paccMOTJ>eHHe

5. an Act of Parliament - 3aKoH, IIOCTaHOBileHHe

6. to be signified (by the Sove­ reign) - 3a IIO)l;IIHChlO MOHapxa

7. to withhold assent - B03,n;ep­

:>KaThcJI OT cornacHJI

5. the Royal assent - KoponeBCKaJI CaHKIJ;HJI napnaMeHTCKOrO 38.KOHO­ rrpoeKTa

6. the Royal Veto - KoponeBcKoe BeTO

7. to reside in sb - rrpHHa,n;ne:>KaTh (o rrpaBax) KOMY-DH6o

8. to be exercised - ocyw;ecTBIDIT1>­ cJ1, Hcno.Jlh30BaThcJ1

9. in the reign - B a;apcTBoBaHHe

Answer the questions:

1. Where is legislation initiated in Great Britain? 2. In what form is legislation intro­ duced in Parliament? 3. What is the procedure of Reading a Bill? Is it long and tire­ some? 4. What are the stages of lawmaking? 5. When does a Bill become an Act of Parliament? 6. Who has the right to veto? Has this right been often exercised?

7. When was the Royal Veto exercised last?

Part 2

Education System in Great Britain

Grammar: The Participle

Exercises

1. Form Participle I non-peifectfrom thefollowing verbs. Mind the spelling.

to speak, to cut, to pay, to come, to buy, to go, to smoke, to study, to sit, to lie, to talk, to eat, to sell, to give, to stop, to die, to smile, to play, to approach, to say, to pass, to hear, to wait, to arrive, to discuss, to save, to make

2. Form Participle !!from thefollowing verbs and translate them into Russian. to give, to see, to perform, to translate, to forget, to allow, to sell, to prepare, to change, to read, to wash, to bring, to repeat, to pack, to leave, to buy, to drink, to find, to explain, to make, to say, to throw, to keep, to consider, to stage, to dress, to speak, to decide, to equip, to bump

3. Translate thefollowing phrases into Russian.

1. a smiling girl, playing children, a writing boy, a falling tree, a laughing ba­ by, a sleeping man, a walking couple, reading audience, a running sportsman, a de­ veloping country, a crying child, a burning house, dancing students, the rising sun, a barking dog, the approaching train

2. a broken cup, a translated text, an unanswered letter, an opened window, a closed door, an occupied room, stolen money, a written letter, a fallen tree, a dis­ cussed problem, produced goods, a cooked dinner, a surprised man, lighted windows, a developed country, an excited student, a sent fax.

4. Choose the rightfrom of the Participle.

1. The (breaking/broken) dishes lay on the floor. 2. The (trembling/ trembled) child­ ren were given a blanket for warmth. 3. The (interesting/ interested) tennis match caused a great deal of excitement. 4. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) build­ ing, he called the fire department immediately. 5. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louvre in Paris. 6. The (frightening/frightened) woman only wanted to be left alone. 7. Our representative presented the (approving/approved) plan to the public. 8. The (blowing/blown) wind damaged the trees in the garden. 9. We were going to see the movie but our friends told us it was a (boring/bored) movie. 10. The (cleaning/cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry. 11. We found it difficult to get through the (closing/closed) door without a key. 12. As we entered the (crowd­ ing/crowded) room, I noticed my cousins. 13. The police towed away the (park­ ing/parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance. 14. The doctor did his best to convince that there was nothing seriously wrong with the boy, but the (worry­ ing/worried) mother wouldn't calm down.

5. Read thefollowing sentences where the Participle is used as an attribute. Define theposition of the Participle and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The discovery made by him is of great importance. 2. A man without a smiling face must not open a shop. 3. A man injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

4. The article, being typed now, will be published tomorrow. 5. For over 96 years, the formula for making coca cola has been a closely guarded secret. 6. We employ expe­ rienced personnel. We do not care which sex they are. 7. The question being dis­ cussed now, is of great importance. 8. At last the police captured the escaped prison­ er.9. Which of the four men smoking by the fireplace is Ben? 10. In some countries there is a tax on things sold in the shops. 11. A few days after the interview, I re­ ceived a letter offering me the job. 12. Most of the suggestions made at the meeting were very productive. 13. What was the name of the man arrested by the police?

14. They informed us- when they intended to deliver the goods ordered.

6. Read thefollowing sentences. Point out the Participle used in thefunction of an adverbial modifier of time. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Until registered, a company may not start trading. 2. Having graduated from the university, he decided to go abroad. 3. When asked about it, he didn't say a word.

4. Entering a living room with ladies, don't rush before them. Remember the golden rule of every gentleman: "Ladies first". 5. When crossing the street in London, look first to the right, then to the left. 6. Having improved quality, we noticed a sharp in­ crease in orders. 7. While playing tennis, be sure you hold the racket in the right way.

8. Writing his report, the correspondent covered the latest developments in the coun­ try. 9. Arriving at the station, we called a porter.

7. Read thefollowing sentences. Point out the Participle used as an adverbial modifier of cause. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Having spent four years in personnel management, I feel well qualified for the job.

2. Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police. 3. Exhausted by the longjourney, he soon fell asleep. 4. Being in London, I could not help him. 5. Not knowing the man, I can't introduce you to him. 6. Not having seen her for nine years, he didn't recognize her. 7. Having failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again.

8. She didn't say a word shocked by his proposal. 9. Finding him a bore, I kept out of his way. 10. Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.

8. Read thefollowing sentences and point out Participle I in thefunction of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances or manner. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He asked questions looking at us suspiciously. 2. They walked quickly speaking about something with great interest. 3. She went out closing the door behind her.

4. He looked at me smiling. 5. She was standing on the bridge admiring the beautiful view. 6. I wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for the help. 7. Roger, frowning,

shook his head. 8. Turning round he stared at me. 9. I kept silent thinking what to an­ swer him. 10. He liked to sit on the sofa smoking a cigarette and watching TV.

9. Read the text and define theforms of the Participle.

People living in Japan have some customs different from ours. For example, we wipe our washed faces with dry towels; they wipe their faces with wet towels. En­ tering houses our men take off their hats, the Japanese take off their shoes. We give presents when arriving, they leave them when departing. When in mourning we wear black, they wear white. We frown when being scolded, they smile. When we say that Japanese are strange people, they could reply, "The same to you".