13. Переведите на слух в быстром темпе следующие словосочетания.

Molecular composition – гетероциклический углеводород –hydrocarbons – алициклический углеводород – alkanes – конденсированный цикл – cycloalkanes – нефтяные смолы – aromatic hydrocarbons – нефтяные масла – asphaltenes – углерод – trace amount – водород – paraffins – насыщенные углеводороды – naphthenes – ненасыщенные углеводороды – benzene ring – общая формула – n-членный цикл – cycloparaffins – аналог алкана – arenes

14. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текстов данного урока.

1. Which types of hydrocarbons does the crude oil consist of?

2. Why cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons?

3. What general formula do alkanes have?

15. Передайте основное содержание текстов урока на русском и английском языках.

Unit 3

OIL REFINING

1. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов, определите их значение.

Process, industrial, product, diesel, kerosene, asphalt, gas, complex, extensive, component, manufacture, plastic, detergent, elastomer, fraction, distillation, category, distillate, classification, paraffin.

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие глаголы.

To process, to refine, to separate, to distill, to perform, to run, to allow, to group, to contain, to account for, to make, to operate.

3. Подберите эквивалентный перевод слов и словосочетаний из колонки А в колонке В.

А oil refining residuum gasoline diesel fuel kerosene asphalt liquified petroleum gas lubricating oil paraffin wax fuel oil petroleum coke light distillates heavy distillates

B остаток перегонки дизельное топливо керосин битум (асфальт) смазочное масло твердый парафин переработка нефти бензин топочный мазут нефтяной кокс легкий дистиллят (погон) сжиженный нефтяной газ тяжелый дистиллят (погон)

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Передайте на русском языке основное содержание текста.

Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful. Oil refining is an industrial process whereby crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, heating oil, asphalt, and liquified petroleum gas. Oil refinery is typically a large sprawling industrial complex or plant with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units, where oil refining is performed.

Different hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and as feedstock in petrochemistry to manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, solvents, elastomers, and fibers. Different boiling points allow the hydrocarbons to be separated into fractions by fractional distillation, as shown in Fig.3.1:

Fig.3.1

Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories: light distillates (liquified petroleum gas, gasoline, naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt, and coke). This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions (called distillates and residuum).

Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant does not require further processing. Smaller molecules such as isobutane or propylene can be recombined by alkylation or dimerization. Intermediate products such as gasoils can even be reprocessed by various forms of cracking to break a heavy long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one. The final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different properties.

Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes, and alkynes. The differences in the structure of molecules in crude oil account for their varying physical and chemical properties, and it is this variety that makes crude oil useful in a broad range of applications.