Unit II

Grammar: 1. Conditionals

2. Passive voice

3. Word Formation

• Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:

ferrous metals- чорні метали

carbon – вуглець

iron - залізо

silicon - кремній

cast iron - чавун

alloy - сплав

pig iron - чушковий чавун

blast furnace - доменна піч

mould - форма для литва

solidify - затвердівати

casting - виріб з литва

Exercise II. Read the headline of the text. What do you know about ferrous metals? What are they?

• Reading

Read closely the text, translate it into Ukrainian and try to retell it:

Ferrous metals

To produce ferrous metals one can combine iron with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. Carbon is the most important of all elements to be presented in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms: steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from pig iron which is produced in a blast furnace in form which is called “a mould”. This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shop where metals are cast is called “a foundry”. Castings are used to produce engines, airplanes and different types of machinery. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0.05 to 1.7 per cent) which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine-building. But very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain limits. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does (more than 2.0 per cent). It is very cheap, in fact, it is the cheapest of all the engineering metals used in machine-building. Grey iron foundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam and hydraulic engine cylinders, bed plates for machines, car wheels, agricultural machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears and general machinery parts. The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that casting can be made so hard, that ordinary tool steel will not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machine. However, in comparison with other metals grey iron is weak. The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, manganese and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions depending on the grade of castings.

• Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Чорні метали складаються з заліза, сполученого з вуглецем, силіконом, фосфором та іншими елементами.

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2. Метали звичайно плавляться та відливаються у форми, які мають назву форми для литва.

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3. Вироби з литва використовуються для виробництва двигунів, літаків та інших виробів.

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4. Чавун – найдешевший конструкційний матеріал, який використовується в машинобудуванні.

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5. Сталь містить від 0.5 до 1.7 відсотків вуглецю.

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Exercise IV. Continue the following sentences:

1. To produce ferrous metals one must combine ………………………………….…….

2. The shop where metals are cast is called …………………………………………….

3. Steel is iron ………………………………………………………………………..…

4. Very much carbon makes steel ………………………………………………………

5. The alloy of grey castings is composed of ……………………………………………

Exercise V. Answer the following questions:

1. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?

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2. What is the most important element present in ferrous metals?

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3. What are two general forms of ferrous metals?

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4. What process is called casting?

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5. What is the difference between cast iron and steel?

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• Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

1. He’ll be furious if he ever…………………….. (find out) about this.

2. The animals at the zoo…………………….. (die) unless they’re fed.

3. I…………………….. (run) home if I’d known the football match was on TV.

4. The teacher…………………….. (not/shout) at her if she did her homework.

5. He…………………….. (buy) a car provided that he passes his driving test.

6. We…………………….. (miss) the lecture unless we hurry.

7. If she’d passed her exams, she…………………….. (go) to university.

8. If I…………………….. (understand) the question, I might be able to answer it.

9. I…………………….. (tell) you if I should hear from him.

10. If he…………………….. (forget) his ticket, they wouldn’t have let him in.

Exercise VII. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause:

1. If I found the gun in the street,………………………………………………………..

2. You wouldn’t have been punished……………………………………………………

3. If you drink all this juice,……………………………………………………………..

4. If you drive so fast,……………………………………………………………………

5. If you should see Mark this evening,…………………………………………………

6. If you had taken my advice……………………………………………………………

7. Unless the weather improves,…………………………………………………………

8. My father would have bought me a bicycle…………………………………………..

9. He would have been very angry………………………………………………………

10. If you aren’t enjoying the film,………………………………………………………..

Exercise VIII. Fill in the gaps with the correct passive tense of the verbs in brackets:

1. A: Have you ever appeared on TV?

B: Actually, I (recently/ask) to take part in a show.

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2. A: When will I have my car?

B: It (deliver) to your house the day after tomorrow.

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3. A: So, when did they tell you about the robbery?

B: I (inform) by the police as soon as they found out.

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4. A: Why can’t we go over the bridge?

B: Because it (repair) at the moment.

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5. A: I am tired.

B: So am I. But these reports must (type) before we leave.

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6. A: Who looks after your baby when you are at work?

B: Well, He (look after) by my mother.

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7. A: Those pictures are beautiful.

B: They (paint) by my father while he was on holiday last summer.

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8. A: Who does the washing-up in your house?

B: The dishes (wash) by my brother and then they (dry) by my sister.

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9. A: Why can’t I use your car?

B: Because it (service) at the moment. You can take mum’s car if you want.

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10. A: Did you post the letters?

B: No, they (already/post) by the time I came in.

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11. A: What will happen to the criminals?

B: They (punish) for their crimes.

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12. A: That’s a very pretty tablecloth.

B: It (give) to me last year for my birthday.

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13. A: Have you moved house yet?

B: Yes. The last boxes (just/move).

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14. A: Have you heard about Jack?

B: Yes, he (promote) to senior manager.

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Exercise IX. Fill in the active or passive form of the verbs in brackets:

Mrs. Wilson is a rich young lady. She (live) in a big house on the outskirts of the city with her husband and her two dogs. Every day Mrs. Wilson (take) into the city centre. Her car (drive) by her chauffeur. She then (go) shopping in her favourite shops. Her bags (carry) by the chauffeur. Mrs. Wilson (buy) lots of things every week. She (need) lots of clothes because she goes to lots of parties. In fact, the week she (invite) to a big birthday party which (hold) in a large mansion in the country. All of her friends will be there, so Mrs. Wilson (look forward) to it very much.

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Exercise X. Form nouns by adding the suffix –er (-or) to the following verbs: to design, to regulate, to invent, to compute, to record, to process, to programme, to manipulate, to research, to compress, to build, to translate.

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• Speaking task

Exercise XI. Suppose you are at the conference. Speak on the topic “Ferrous metals”.