Unit VI

Grammar: 1. Infinitive

2. Word Formation

• Pre-reading exercises

Exercise І. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:

distinct from sth. – відмінний від чогось

interconvertion – взаємоперетворення

recognition – усвідомлення

boundary – межа

arbitrary – довільний

rotation – обертання

primarily – головним чином

nebula – туманність

celestial body – астрономічне тіло

theory of relativity – теорія відносності

Exercise ІІ. Read the headline of the text. What is the physical science? Where does it study?

• Reading

Read closely the text, translate it into Ukrainian and try to retell it:

Physical science

Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinct from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Each of these is divided into fields and subfields. This article discusses the historical development - with due attention to the scope, principal concerns, and methods - of the first three of these areas.

Physics, in its modern sense, was founded in the middle of the 19th century as a synthesis of several older sciences: mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, heat, and the physical properties of matter. The synthesis was based in large part on the recognition that the different forces of nature are related and interconvertible because they are forms of energy.

The boundary between physics and chemistry is somewhat arbitrary. As it has developed in the 20th century, physics is concerned with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, while chemistry deals with the properties and reactions of molecules. These latter depend on energy, especially heat, as well as on atoms; hence, there is a strong link between physics and chemistry. Chemists tend to be more interested in the specific properties of different elements and compounds, whereas physicists are concerned with general properties shared by all matter.

Astronomy is the science of the entire universe beyond the Earth; it includes the Earth's gross physical properties, such as its mass and rotation, in so far as they interact with other bodies in the solar system. Until the 18th century, astronomers were concerned primarily with the Sun, Moon, planets and comets. During the last two centuries, however, the study of stars, galaxies, nebulas, and the interstellar medium has become increasingly important. Celestial mechanics, the science of the motion of planets and other solid objects within the solar system, was the first testing ground for Newton's laws of motion and thereby helped to establish the fundamental principles of classical (that is, pre-20th-century) physics. Astrophysics, the study of the physical properties of celestial bodies, arose during the 19th century and is closely connected with the determination of the chemical composition of those bodies. In the 20th century physics and astronomy have become more intimately linked through cosmological theories, especially those based on the theory of relativity.

• Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Фізична наука – це наука, що вивчає неорганічний світ, натомість органічний світ є сферою вивчення біологічної науки.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

2. Стаття присвячена історичному розвитку астрономії, фізики та хімії.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. Фізика, як синтез механіки, оптики, акустики, електрики, магнетизму, теплоти та фізичних властивостей речовини, була винайдена у середині ХІХ сторіччя.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

4. Хімія має справу з властивостями та реакціями молекул.

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5. Протягом останніх двох сторіч зросла важливість вивчення зірок, галактик, туманностей та міжзіркового простору.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

Exercise IV. Match the words with the descriptions:

a).Celestial mechanics	1.It deals with the properties and reactions of molecules.
b).physics	2.The science of the motion of planets and other solid objects within the solar system.
c). chemistry	3.The study of the organic world.
d). astrophysics	4.It is concerned with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components.
e).biological science	5.The study of the physical properties of celestial bodies.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Exercise V. Answer the following questions:

1. What areas does physical science consist of?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

2. When was physics founded?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. What is physics concerned with in the 20^th century?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

4. What is astronomy?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

5. What does astrophysics study?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

• Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Complete the sentences using bare infinitive or to + infinitive:

1. A decision maker must ……………….. (evaluate) the research and its results.

2. He advised me ………………. (apply) for the job.

3. You had better ……………. (sign) the contract.

4. We’ve got enough money ……………… (buy) a new equipment.

5. This would give ……………….. (rise) to economic problems.

6. He was made …………….. (pay) for the damage.

7. I want ……………… (know) why you’ve decided to leave.

8. They made him …………… (pay) for the damage.

9. He decided …………… (go) to the university and ……………. (study) biology.

Exercise VII. Define the functions of the infinitive and translate the sentences:

1. We try to minimize the old disadvantages.

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2. To think otherwise would be a mistake.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. The first sentence must always be the best, just to make people read the rest.

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4. He was the first to realize the difficulty of the situation.

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5. To sum up, we shall present the table.

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6. Some people are too proud to admit that they don’t know.

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7. To read much is to know much.

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8. The postulates should be simple enough to seem almost obvious.

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Exercise VIII. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the correct infinitive form:

1. Ми сподіваємось, що він прийме активну участь у цій роботі.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

2. Я ніколи не знав, що він працював над цією проблемою.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. Малоймовірно, що таку інформацію було отримано від користувача.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

4. Я знаю, що його сповістили про ці збори.

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5. Він був першим, хто усвідомив скрутність становища.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

Exercise IX. Fill in the correct infinitive tense as in the model:

Model: I think he left. He must have left.

1. I think they will come. They must ..............................................

2. I think she is studying. She must …………………………………

3. I think it will be delivered. It must ……………………………….

4. I think they were arguing. They must ……………………………

5. I think she has typed it. She must ………………………………..

Exercise X. Form adjectives from verbs and verbs from adjectives with the help of suffixes -able, -ible, -ive, -en, -ise:

broad - ………………………

accept - ………………………

exclude - ………………….....

modern - ……………………..

convert - ……………..……...

comprehend - …………….....

popular - ……..……………...

• Speaking task

Exercise XI. Look at the Picture 4 and discuss the process of crystallization using such words and word combinations: to do an experiment, to observe, to record the results:

Picture 4. Process of crystallization