3.Word Formation

• Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:

to affect - впливати

to subject - піддавати

specimen - зразок

ratio - відношення

rupture - розрив

torsional - скручуючий

tensile - міцний на розрив

modulus - модуль

Exercise II. Read the headline of the text. What do you know about the properties of engineering materials? What are they?

• Reading

Read closely the text, translate it into Ukrainian and try to retell it:

Properties of engineering materials and methods of testing them

Properties of engineering materials are known to affect manufacture and application of them. While using engineering materials we must know their physical characteristics. All engineering materials have definite characteristics which determine their abilities to assume external loads because of which materials change their shape. Metals are known to be subjected to the influence of external forces when they are treated. These forces are called ‘loads’ and may have different characteristics: according to their value they may be small or large; according to their duration and character of their action they may be constant and impact. According to the influence of the load upon the metal causing different changes of its shape, loads are distinguished as compression, tensile, torsional, shearing and bending ones. By testing a metal under a load one can define what mechanical properties it has. In other words, one can determine strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness and other properties of the metal. In order to have a clear conception of the metal properties it is subjected to tests on special devices and machines. The determination of these properties is made in the laboratory using a specimen of the metal to be tested.

Strength is the property of hard materials to be subjected to the influence of external forces without incurring damage and without changing their shape. Special machines, called ‘rupture machines, are used to test metals for strength. When testing a specimen, the upper clamp remains fixed and the lower one is being slowly lowered, thus causing the extension of the specimen. The load upon the specimen may be easily determined at any moment by means of pointer indications on the dial.

Elasticity is the ability of a material to change its shape under the influence of external loads and return to its original form upon removal of the loads. All materials are elastic, but the range of elasticity varies for different materials.

Plasticity is that property of a material when under the influence of loads, specimens of different materials may elongate while their cross-section decreases. Plasticity is the opposite of elasticity. So, plasticity is the ability of material to change its form without breaking under the influence of load and preserve this changed form after removal of the load.

Hardness is the property to resist deformation under applied load. Hardness is the most important mechanical property of metals.

• Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Пластичність-це здатність матеріалу змінювати свою форму.

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2. Метали піддаються впливу зовнішніх сил.

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3. Ми можемо визначити механічні властивості металів.

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4. Навантаження на зразок можна визначити в будь-який момент.

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5. Усі матеріали еластичні.

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Exercise IV. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is it necessary to know the properties of engineering materials?

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2. To what forces are machine parts subjected in the process of work?

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3. How are the loads distinguished according to their influence upon the metal?

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4. What machines are used to test materials for strength?

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5. What is plasticity?

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Exercise V. Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions:

to within from into on in of by means of per without by

1. The composition … metals and alloys is important … the effect it has … their mechanical, electrical or magnetic properties.

2. Metals can be cast … various shapes weighing … a few ounces … many tons.

3. Their plasticity or ability to deform … rupture allows their formation … a required shape.

4. The strength … a metal is generally measured … tensile tests.

5. Tensile strength is expressed … pounds … square inch.

6. One way … measuring the hardness is to determine the depth … which a diamond cone or ball will penetrate … the metal under a given load.

7. When a metal is subjected … stresses exceeding its elastic limit, the crystals of the metal elongate by an action … shearing which takes place … the crystal and between the crystals.

• Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Translate the word combinations into Ukrainian:

a flying bird; a sleeping child; a man carrying a bag; a woman sitting on the bench; people working together; doing homework; finishing school; watching the clouds;

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a lighted candle; a broken vase; closed doors; the pictures exhibited in this room; words taken back; the concert hall built in the city; an actor known to everybody.

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Exercise VII. Put the verbs in brackets into Participle I form and translate the sentences:

1. A group of (laugh) people came to us.

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2. He stood (talk) to her in a soft voice.

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3. Not (understand) what they wanted he repeated his question.

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4. (Travel) all over the world the scientist saw many interesting things and collect important material.

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5. Mary stopped to look at the birds (sing) in the tree.

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6. The old man (show) them those pictures lived in our house many years ago.

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7. (Be) tired they decided to lie down and rest a little.

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Exercise VIII. Use Present Participle of the verbs in brackets where necessary:

Model: The fence was covered with vines (flower).

The fence was covered with flowering vines.

1. He handed me a cup of milk. (overflow)

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2. We bandaged his hand. (bleed)

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3. The wood made a loud noise. (splinter)

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4. We sat on the bench and watched the sun. (set)

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5. Dogs don’t always bite. (bark)

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6. Dick was hit by a car. (move)

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7. Last night I saw a number of stars. (all)

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8. We followed the firemen to the house. (burn)

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Exercise IX. Use Past Participle of the verb in brackets where necessary:

Model: The project was a great success (complete).

The completed project was a great success.

1. Words are often more powerful than writing. (speak)

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2. His leg was put in a cast. (break)

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3. We should use water for the baby’s food. (boil)

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4. The problem was very important. (settle)

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5. There are many rocks in the stream. (hide)

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6. The glass lay in fragments all over the street. (shatter)

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7. The team slowly left the field. (defeat)

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8. The door didn’t look very inviting. (close)

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9. The decision is of great value. (take)

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Exercise X. Form nouns by adding the suffix –ist to the following nouns: chemistry, physics, science, technology, biology, pharmacy, receptionist.

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• Speaking task

Exercise ХІ. Discuss with your partner the properties of engineering materials. How can we test them?