8. Air travel

The movement of people away from their permanent residences is possible by various means of transportation. From the horsedrawn carriages in the Roman Empire to the mail coaches in England and Wales in the 18th century, and to contemporary jet airplanes. The development of transportation systems had a great impact on the changing landscape of the travel and tourism industry. Speed and accessibility are two contributions that modern transportation has made to the rise of travel and tourism. The rise of jet travel, automobile travel, and high-speed train travel opened more and more destinations across the globe. The world airline industry is a multibillion dollar industry. According to Boeing Company’s estimates, the world growth of air travel during the next 15 years is expected to average about 5.2 percent per year, and the passenger volume will double to about 2.2 billion by the end of the century. Such rapid development of the world's commercial airline industry will create great demand for airport infrastructure development, aircraft manufacturing, and lodging and food service businesses worldwide. Ukraine and other Eastern European countries are making great efforts in upgrading their commercial aircraft and introducing Western-style management and operations. Ukrainian Air has ordered new aircraft from Western counties for technology transfer and service management expertise. With the introduction of Western-standard technology and service management, the Eastern European countries will surely have great impact on the international air transportation industry. The three major airlines - American, Delta, and United - still dominate the air travel market. In recent years, the airline industry has experienced competition, especially in airfares and frequent-flier programs. As a result, the public now enjoys better service and lower fares than it did several years ago. Some successful, limited-service regional airlines have emerged, such as Southwest and Alaska Airlines. These airlines are operated regionally and have low operating costs. They compete very successfully with the country’s giant air carriers.

9.Railway travel

The movement of people away from their permanent residences is possible by various means of transportation. The development of transportation systems had a great impact on the changing landscape of the travel and tourism industry. Speed and accessibility are two contributions that modern transportation has made to the rise of travel and tourism. The rise of jet travel, automobile travel, and high-speed train travel opened more and more destinations across the globe. Emergence of railways has made a great revolution in the world of Traveling. Horses as the most popular means of traveling till 1830 couldn’t be compared with the ‘iron horse’ in speed and transportation cost. The pioneer and the biggest firm in the world of railway traveling has become “International Company of wagons - Lit” (established by brothers Pullman in 1872 in the USA). This demand for railway travel has been on the rise in the last decade. The elegance and nostalgia of rail travel attract more tourists to travel by rail. High- speed trains can now transport visitors quickly and comfortably to their destinations. Many regions in the world are developing rail service at a record rate. The major rail systems of Europe plan to spend $100 billion in the next 10 years to develop more-efficient high-speed rail lines. The opening of the tunnel under the English Channel (the Chunnel) has significantly expanded the network of high-speed trains now linking major European cities. Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain are all investing heavily in upgrading the quality of their railways. Rail travel is still the main way of long-haul transportation in many eastern European and Asian countries. The famous Orient Express, for instance, links many destinations in Western and Eastern Europe, Mongolia, and China. The collapse of the Communist system in the eastern European countries will help increase rail travel there, where foreign investment and technological and managerial assistance are badly needed to upgrade the rail infrastructure and provide services at international standards. Rail travel has only recently regained popularity in the United States, via The Amtrak system. Founded in the late 70s, Amtrak now carries more than 23 million passengers per year, and recently reported a 3.5 percent increase in ticket revenues. During the past years, Amtrak has transformed the passenger-rail network into a respectable component of the U.S. transportation system. It is possible to book tickets through a network of more than 30,000 travel agencies.