Summing up

Temporal relations in ME are expressed by 3 categories:

TENSE – present ÷ past – absolutely – only with finite forms  a predicative category

PROSPECT – non-future ÷ future (after-actions) – absolutely or relatively

ORDER – non-perfect ÷ perfect (prior actions) – relatively

In R. temporal relations are expressed by 1 category (that of tense which denotes time both absolutely & relatively

The category of ASPECT

Meaning of the category, meanings of the members

Opposition of forms – inflectional binary privative : e.g. … … …

Tense and Aspect

Peculiarities: Aspect and lexical meaning of the verb

1) dynamic vs stative

durative (unlimitive) vs limitive

2) Activity verbs – write

Process – grow

Bodily sensation – hurt

Transitional event – arrive, die

Momentary – hit, nod, jump

With each of the subgroups the meaning of cont. forms changes and may become different from the categorial meaning of the form.

E.g. activity & process verbs in Cont. denote incomplete action;

momentary verbs – repetition

He kicked the ball – He was kicking the ball

Aspect is a language specific grammatical category.

Topic 4 the categories of voice and mood

the category of voice

Opposition of forms

Types of opposition

Meanings of the members

Meaning of the category

Peculiarities:

1) Phil hurt Mary S/agent  O

Mary was hurt by Phil O  S/agent

He hurt himself ??? - 1

2) Tom greeted Bob S/agent  O

Bob was greeted by Tom O  S/agent

They greeted each other ??? - 2

3) I opened the door S/agent  O

The door was opened by me O  S/agent

The door opened ??? – 3

 Three more moods: reflexive, reciprocal and middle. BUT! < . . . . . . . . . >

(memo: recall the features of an analytical form)

The category of mood

<… … … >

Meaning of the category – … … …

Opposition:

Meanings of the members of the opposition:

facts – non-facts

real actions – direct imperative – problematic actions – unreal/hypothetic actions

Moods: Indicative – Imperative – Subjunctive (?!)

a set of one form a set of moods which

forms: have forms of:

tense aspect

person & number order

aspect voice

order person (just 1 obl.md)

prospect

voice