Topic 5 main uniys of syntax

phrase. syntactic relations

elements are equal in rank elements are not equal in rank

come and go blue sky the girl smiled

adjunct + kernel/

modifier + modified

coordination

subordination interdependence

the roof of the house – a sub. noun phrase

the roof of the house is red = the roof is red

the city of Minsk – ???

I live in the city of Minsk ≠ I live in the city

but = I live in Minsk

an appositive phrase

Means of expressing syntactic relations

• … e.g. cannon ball N + N

• … e.g. the category of aspect N + of + N

• … e.g. warm and nice Adj + and + Adj

• … e.g. Bob’s car N’s + N

• … e.g. speak softly V + Adv

Syntactic links:

1. ? – e.g. this day – those days

2. ? – e.g. (He) sees her, (She) meets him

3. ? – e.g. happy life, give advice, widely known

4. ? – e.g. the then government, (I) have never cried

5. ? – e.g. a book of poetry, rain or snow

pREDICATIVITY, PREDICATION

Three components of predicativity:

Modality  the category of mood – Pr.Verb

Time  the category of tense – Pr.Verb

Person  the category of person – Pr.Verb

\

Subject

Primary and secondary predication

Common features: structural and semantic – < . . . . . . . . . >

Distinctive features: morphological and communicative – < . . . . . . . . . >

Primary predication is correlated with the situation of speech directly, explicitly

Secondary predication is correlated with the situation of speech indirectly, implicitly

Constructions with secondary predication: … … …

Classification of sentences. Principles.

I. Communicative principle – common aim, purpose

“I, the speaker, want to give some info” – …

“I, the speaker, want to get some info” – …

“I, the speaker, want you, the listener, to do smth” – …

“I, the speaker, want to express my attitude / feelings / …” - …

II. Structural principle and particular criteria:

• the number of predication lines – …

• the way of expressing of the predication line – …

• the completeness of the predication line – …

• the expansion of the predication line – …

• in case of multiple predications – the types of relations between the clauses (presented by different predication lines)  (1) – … , (2) – … .

Summed up classification criteria:

- ways of expressing predicativity

- number of predication lines

- relations between the predication lines in case of multiple predication

Sentence types and classification criteria:

simple vs composite sentences ← ← the number of predication lines

two-member vs one-member sentences ← the way of expressing predicativity:

dividied or undivided

complete vs incomplete ← ← ← ← completeness of a 2-member predication line

(elliptical) sentences

types of composite sentences: ← ← ← type of syntactic relations:

compound ← ← ← coordination

complex ← ← ← subordination

Sentence. Syntactic structure

subject predicate

predicator complements objects