- •Topic 1 main units and notions of grammar
- •Main notions of grammar
- •Grammatical category
- •Topic 2 Parts of speech
- •One criterion classifications
- •Notional and functional words
- •The category of Number discreteness non-discreteness
- •I will have to go there – no modal meaning analytical form (l.S.Barkhudarov) but
- •Is it a tense form?
- •Topic 3
- •Verbal categories denoting time and character of the action
- •Summing up
- •Topic 4 the categories of voice and mood
- •Topic 5 main uniys of syntax
- •Means of expressing syntactic relations
- •Summed up classification criteria:
- •Sentence types and classification criteria:
- •Vf direct obj.
- •Topic 6 structural models of syntactic analysis
- •Types of distribution
- •Old men and children often stay alone
- •Types of transformations
- •Elements of the situation and members of the proposition
- •Topic 7 units larger than clause
Vf direct obj.
indirect obj.
prepositional obj.
subject[ive] c. She looks tired
object[ive] c. He painted the door green
predicat[ive] c. The room measured 10 m2.
Objects can become (?) … of passive constructions. Complements cannot.
Optional members: … … …
Elements outside the syntactic structure: … … …
Topic 6 structural models of syntactic analysis
The distributional model (Ch.Fries «The Structure of English», 1952.
The sentence structure is described as a sequence of words of this-or-that part of speech reference used in this-or-that form
The old man saw a black dog there
D 3 1a 2d D 3 1b 4
It was used to identify parts of speech:
4 main positions in the sentence 4 classes of words: class 1, class 2, class 3, class 4
Plus-points: … … …
Weak points: … … …
Types of distribution
Type of distribution |
Plane of expression |
Plane of content (meaning) |
Position / environment |
Contrastive |
… |
… |
same |
e.g. … … … |
|||
… (~ free variants of the same model / morpheme) |
different |
… |
… |
e.g. … … … |
|||
Complementary (~ allomorphs of the same morpheme) |
… |
same |
… |
e.g. … … … |
|||
IC-model
The principle used − … … …
The constituents: … … …
The typical representations / schemes: … … …
Old men and children often stay alone
S
NP VP
Old men and children often stay alone
NP N Adv. VP
Old men conj. children often stay alone
Adj. N V Adj.
Old men stay alone
Adj. N conj. N Adv. V. Adj.
The transformational model
Kernel sentences + transformations =
Types of transformations
One-base transformations … - base transformations
1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Transformational history
She made him a good husband ÷ She made him a good wife
SEMANTIC STRUCTURE
Semantic model of analysis is rooted in:
Valency theories – L. Tésniere Eléments de syntaxe structurale (1959)
Case Grammar – first introduced by the representatives of generative grammar.
Case Grammar was devised by Charles Fillmore − The Case for Case (1968), The Case for Case Reopened (1977)
Semantic classifications of verbs – W.Chafe Meaning and Structure of Language (1975)
Upgrading of the theory – … … …
Semantically the sentence was described (Ch.Fillmore) as S = Proposition + modality
Proposition is … … …
Modality – … … …
Sentences name situations / events.