12. Open the brackets, using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. If there (to be) no bad people, there (to be) no good lawyers. 2. He (to be imprisoned) if he (to violate) the law. 3. If the reform of a person (to be) possible without criminal punishment only educational measures (to be applied). 4. If this (to violate) the law he would (to fine). 5. If these facts (to appreciate) fully by the judge the trial (to take) a different course.

Text 4

Read the text to divide it into logical parts. Give the definitions of the words in bold. Use the vocabulary if necessary.

O rganized Crime

In addition to that segment of the population made up of individual criminals acting independently or in small groups, there exists a so- called underworld of criminal organizations engaged in offenses such as organized vice (drugs, prostitution, pornography, loan-sharking, gambling), cargo theft, fraud, robbery, kidnapping for ransom, and the demanding of “protection” payments. (Loan-sharking is lending money at extremely high rates of interest). In the United States and Canada, the principal source of income for organized crime is the supply of goods and services that are illegal but for which there is continued public demand. Organized crime in the United States is a set of shifting coalitions between groups of gangsters, business people, politicians, and union leaders. Many of these people have legitimate jobs and sources of income.

In Britain groups of organized criminals have not developed in this way, principally because the supply and consumption of alcohol and opiates (a type of drug that contains opium and makes you want to sleep), gambling, and prostitution remain legal but partly regulated. This reduces the profitability of supplying such demands criminally. British crime organizations tend to be relatively short-term groups drawn to­gether for specific projects, such as fraud and armed robbery, from a pool of professional criminals. Crime syndicates in Australia deal with narcotics, cargo theft and racketeering. (Syndicate is a group of people or companies who join together in order to achieve a particular aim. Racketeering is a dishonest way of obtaining money, such as by threatening people). In Japan, there are gangs that specialize in vice and extortion. In many Third World countries, apart from the drug trade, the principal form of organized crime is black-marketeering, including smuggling and corruption in the granting of licenses to import goods and to export foreign exchange. Armed robbery, cattle theft, and maritime piracy and fraud are organized crime activities in which politicians have less complicity.

Notes

underworld – преступное подполье

organized vice – эксплуатация порока организованными пре­ступниками

loan-sharking – гангстерское ростовщичество

ransom – выкуп

shifting – меняющийся

continued – непрерывный

coalition - союз

legitimate – легальный, законный

opiate – снотворное средство

pool – общий фонд

crime syndicate –преступный синдикат

racketeering / extortion – вымогательство

black-marketeering – спекуляция на черном рынке

foreign exchange – обмен валюты

maritime – морской

piracy – пиратство

vice – зло, порок, недостаток