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2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:

1. What ideas were the earliest criminological theories based on?

2. How did the biological theory develop?

3. What was Montesquieu's approach to the causes of crime?

4. What views on crime predominated in the 19th century?

5. How did criminological theories develop in the 20th century?

6. What is the relationship between the mental and emotional state of a person and his or her inclinations to crime?

7. What are the latest views on the causes of crime?

8. How enforcement affects the crime according to criminologists of the 19th century?

9. What scientists of the 20th century have developed the theory of the causes of crime?

10. Who invented the biological theory?

3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:

to explain crime, to perverse persons, have gathered evidence tending, homicide, direct ratio, to increase humidity, particularly, to establish relationships, tends to rise, discredited, rootedness, multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences, to determine, modern criminologists, causes of crime.

4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:

кража со взломом, законопослушный, суровые наказания, умышленно, причины преступности, намеренно совершать преступления, недавние научные исследования, усилия, разъяснение причины преступления, установить, отношения, преступное поведение, способствующий, психическое состоянии, подростковая преступность, несоблюдение секретности.

5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

1. crime

a. done in a way that was planned, not by chance

2. burglary

b. the scientific study of crime and criminals

3. deliberately

c. unable to stay still or be happy where you are, because you are bored or need a change

4. to explain

d. activities that involve breaking the law

5. criminology

e. connected with studying things to find out how similar or different they are

6. investigator

f. to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand

7. restless

g. the process of one event causing or producing another event

8. comparative

h. the crime of entering a building illegally and stealing things from it

9. causation

i. a person who examines a situation such as an accident or a crime to find out the truth

6. Fill in the gaps, using the necessary words from exercise 5.

1. Stores spend more and more on … prevention every year.

2. The youth was charged with three counts of … .

3. She's been … ignoring him all day.

4. He … who each person in the photo was.

5. The audience was becoming … .

6. A … study of the educational systems in the sphere of law of these two countries is very informative.