VI. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations which suit best. There are two extra words which you do not need to use. Then write three questions to the text. Text 1

lymph, liquid, nervous, support, healthy, cells, coverings, contraction, protection

Tissues are materials made up of groups of similar ___ cells __ . There are four main types of tissue in the human body. Epithelial one forms __ coverings _____ like the skin, lining membranes and glands. Connective tissue helps to _ support __ and bind parts together, holding them in place. There are several types of connective tissue including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fatty and elastic tissue, also blood and _ lymph ___ (the fluid tissues). Muscular tissue has the power of _ contraction ___, which causes movement. __ nervous __ one conducts nerve impulses. Tissues are jointed into larger units called organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, liver. A system is a group of organs, which together carry out one of the essential functions of the body. There are nine systems in the human organism. All of these systems work harmoniously together in a _ healthy _ body.

1. ___What does tissue consist of_______________________________________________?

2. ____What are the types of the connective tissue__________________________________?

3. ___What nervous tissue is responsible for______________________________________________?

Text 2

protects, nutrients, unit, cells, reproduction, nucleus, membrane, controls, waste products

All living things, including the human body, are made up of living _ cells ___. The cell is the structural and the functional _ unit __ with which the human body is built. Just as many kinds of materials may be used in the construction of a large building, in the same way many different kinds of cells are found in the body. A cell has the following parts: cell _ membrane __ outer covering; protoplasm, the main substance of the cell; a nucleus, which _ controls ____ activities of the cell. Cells perform the following functions: digestion– intake of the _ nutrients ____; excretion– eliminating of _ waste products ___; respiration– taking and using oxygen, and giving out carbon dioxide; growth and repair; _ reproduction _______ – simply dividing one cell into two. Besides, some cells move about and some have special functions.

1. _______What is the cell_______________________________________?

2. ____What reproduction is___________________________________________________?

3. ___What nucleus is responsible for_____________________________________________________?

Text 3

oesophagus, cardiovascular, skeleton, separated, reproductive, cavities, cranial, stomach, protected

The body has a strong framework of bones called the _ skeleton ___. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside. Some body parts form spaces called _ cavities _____, in which important internal organs are protected. The _ cranial ____cavity or skull contains the brain. The thoracic cavity or chest contains the lungs, the air passages – trachea and bronchial tubes, the _oesophagus ____, which lies behind the trachea, the heart, the great blood vessels, and the thoracic duct. The abdominal cavity, which is _ separated _____ from the thoracic cavity by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, contains the _ stomach ______, the intestines, the liver, the spleen and other organs. The pelvic cavity contains the _ reproductive ____ organs, the bladder when empty (when full it rises into the abdominal cavity), and the rectum.

1. __What does the cranial cavity store____________________________________________________?

2. ___Where does the liver situated_______________________________________________________?

3. _____What structure separates thoracic and abdominal cavities___________________________?

Text 4

deficiencies, avitaminosis, water, organism, small, source, carbohydrates, received, contracted

Nutrients are the nutritious components in foods that an _ organism ___ uses to survive and grow. They can be ___ received ____ from the environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes, and are converted to and used for energy. Organic nutrients include __ carbohydrates __, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as dietary minerals, _ water _____, and oxygen may also be considered nutrients. A nutrient is called "essential" if it must be obtained from an external _ source _______, either because the organism cannot synthesize it or produces insufficient quantities. Nutrients needed in very _ small ______ amounts are micronutrients and those that are needed in larger quantities are called macronutrients. The effects of nutrients are dose-dependent and shortages are called _ deficiencies ________.

1. ______Where can we receive nutrients_________________________________________________?

2. _____What quantity of nutrients do we need___________________________________________?

3. ________What kind of inorganic nutrients must we consume______________________________?

Text 5

contract, connective, organelles, cells, function, tissues, contact, surfaces, protect

__ cells _____ are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group together with one another to form __ tissues ____. Tissues provide the numerous functions of organs. The study of tissues is called histology. The human body is composed of four basic types of tissues: epithelial, _ connective _____, muscular, and nervous tissues. These tissues vary in their composition and their _ function _____. Epithelium forms the coverings of _ surfaces ____ of the body. Connective tissue is the most widely distributed tissue type in the human body. Its role is to _ protect _____, support, and bind together parts of the body. Muscular tissue is a tissue characterized by the ability to __ contract _____ upon stimulation. It is extremely elastic and can produce movement. Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts impulses. It is the main component of the nervous system and the brain. 

1. _____How many types of tissue human body includes_____________________________________?

2. ______What is the function of the connective tissue____________________________?

3. ______What is the main components on nervous system and________________________________?

Text 6

capillaries, bone marrow, lymph, ducts, tissue, proteins, central nervous system, blood, brain

The lymphatic system consists of organs, ___ ducts _____, and nodes. The lymph vessels form a network in the body as the blood network. It transports a watery clear fluid called _ lymph _____. This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body. Lymph organs are found in every part of the body except the__ brain ________. The major parts of the system are the _ bone marrow _____, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The other organs of the body, including the heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic _ tissue ____. The ducts of the lymphatic system provide transportation for _ proteins ______, fats, and other substances in lymph. The lymph is drained from the tissue in microscopic blind-ended vessels called lymph__ capillaries ______.

1. __What are the main structures of the lymphatic system___________________________________?

2. ___What organ doesn’t include any lymphatic tissue__________________________________?

3. __For what does lymphatic system provide transportation____________________________?

Text 7

contains, donor, emergency, diseases, surface, supports, platelets, transfusion, recipient

Blood __ transfusion ______is a very common hospital procedure nowadays. But this is more than just taking blood from one person and using it to help another. Although all blood __ contains___ the same basic components (red cells, white cells, _ platelets ____, and plasma), not everyone has the same types of antigens on the _ surface ______ of their red blood cells. So, the four main blood groups are: blood group A, blood group B, blood group AB, and blood group O. Blood cell markers are microscopic. Each unit of blood goes through a dozen tests to check for infectious ___ diseases ___ and establish the blood type. Only after these tests the blood transfusion can be given to the _ recipient _____. Sometimes, a transfusion is an __ emergency ____(like losing blood after an accident). Sometimes it's expected (as with treatment for cancer).

1. _________What do we call emergency transfusion_________________________________?

2. ___How many blood types can blood be divided on___________________________________?

3. __When transfusion is not emergency but expected__________________________________?

Text 8

involuntary, heart, striated, nervous, skeletal, contain, nuclei, stomach, thigh

There are three basic types of muscles in the body (smooth, cardiac, and _ skeletal_____). Smooth muscle or "_ involuntary _____ muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, _ stomach ______, intestines, blood vessels, etc. Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but it is striated in structure. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells _ contain ____ only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is found only within the _ heart ___. Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is fixed by tendons to the bone and is used to produce skeletal movement such as locomotion. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated with the __ nuclei ____ peripherally located. Skeletal muscle is called '__ striated ___' because of the stripes seen under light microscopy.

1. ____How many types of muscle tissue is in the body______________________________________?

2. ___Why do we call skeletal muscle “striated”_______________________________________?

3. ___Where cardiac muscle can only be found____________________________________?

Text 9

forearm, movement, heart, force, protected, tissue, nervous system, germ, controlled

The muscular system is the biological system of humans that produces _ movement __. The muscular system is controlled through the _ nervous system ____, but some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Muscle is contractile __ tissue ___ and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic _ germ___ cells. Its function is to produce _ force ____ and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Much of muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival, like the contraction of the ___ heart _____or peristalsis. Voluntary muscle contraction is used to move the body and can be __ controlled ____, such as movements of fingers or movements of biceps and triceps.

1. __ What layer of the embryonic germ does muscle tissue derived from_____________________?

2. ___Why do we can contract some of our muscles without a thought________________________?

3. ___Movements of which muscles can be controlled______________________________________?