Text 10

mandible, skull, cerebral, muscles, protect, vertebra, brain, cranial, supported, move

The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the_ brain ____, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the head and _ protect ____ these structures from mechanical injuries. Movements of these bones by the attached _ muscles ____ of the head provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movement. The skull consists of 22 __ cranial ___ and facial bones, which, with the exception of the _ mandible ___, are tightly fused together. The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the special sense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. The skull is _ supported ___ by the highest vertebra, called the atlas. The atlas turns on the _ vertebra _____ below it, the axis, which allows the skull to turn from side to side.

1. ___What do facial muscles provide______________________________________________?

2. ___Which bone does not tightly fused with others cranial bones__________________________?

3. _How many bones does the skull consist of____________________________?

Text 11

hormones, haemostasis, men, waste products, clot, age, clump, blood loss, nutrients

The amount of blood in a human body varies depending on factors such as _ age ____, sex, overall health and even where a person lives. For example, __ men ___ tend to have more blood than women of comparable size and weight. Blood carries out many critical functions in the body. It transports _ nutrients ___ and oxygen to the body’s cells and moves _ hormones ___ and chemicals around the body. It also takes away _ waste products __ from those cells. Blood also plays a special role in regulating body temperature. As part of the immune system, blood also helps fight diseases. If you get an injury, the platelets in blood begin to _ clot ___ helping to stop bleeding. This self-repair function prevents from further _ blood loss ____, which can become fatal in cases of massive bleeding.

1. _What are the main factors which influence on the amount of blood______________________?

2. _What substances does the blood transport through the body____________________________?

3. __Does the blood play any role at immune protection_____________________?

Text 12

brain, length, tissue, stretch, smooth, skeletal, voluntary, involuntary, tendons

Most __ skeletal __ muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of connective _ tissue ___ whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones. Larger tendons contain a thin internal septum, a few blood vessels, and specialized stereognostic nerves. __ tendons __ are under extreme stress when muscles pull on them, so they are very strong and are woven (вплетены) into the coverings of both muscles and bones. Muscles move by shortening their _ length ___, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. They have the ability to _ stretch _____or contract and still return to the original shape. Skeletal muscles are sometimes called _ voluntary __, because we have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our _ brain ______.

1. __How do skeletal muscles attached to the bone____________________________________?

2. _What do large tendons consist of_____________________________?

3. _What is the centre of the impulses sent to our muscles______________________________?