1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.

to overcome, to come onto enforce, to promote the movement of goods and services, to enhance

2. Match the suitable adjectives on the left with correct noun on the right according to the text.

international comprehensive negotiable basic legal competing’

instrument transaction principles claim code obstacles

3. Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right.

1) obligation 2) liability 3) credit 4) ratification 5) approval

a) is making an agreement, a contract officially valid, usually by signing it b) acceptance of or agreement with a proposal, plan, request c) a law, a promise, an influence, etc. that forces one to do smth d) the state of being required to do smth or accept responsibility for smth e) permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received

4. Summarize your findings from the text in 10–20 sentences. Text 5. International conference on the legal aspects

OF AN E-COMMERCE TRANSACTION 26 AND 27 OCTOBER 2004

On 26 and 27 October 2004, the Hague Conference on Private International Law, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs co-hosted an “International Conference on the Legal Aspects of an E-Commerce Transaction” in The Hague (The Netherlands).

The Conference attracted about 120 participants from 29 countries. Participants came from many European States as well as Canada, China, the Dominican Republic, Japan, Korea, Libya, Panama, Peru, Russia, Sri Lanka and the United States of America. Secretary General of the Hague Conference and Chairman of ICC Netherlands presented the opening speeches. They were pleased to welcome representatives of governments, intergovernmental organizations (including the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law – UNCITRAL, the World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development – OECD and the European Union), national Supreme Courts and international courts, private practice, business, non-governmental organizations (e.g. the Motion Pictures Association), academics from around the world, and the press.

This audience – wide-ranging both as concerns geographical representation as well as areas of business and interest – proved that the conference concept was highly successful. The organizers had aimed to provide a forum for dialogue between legislators, those who apply the law at a professional level, business and academia. In order to achieve this aim a practical approach to the issue was chosen. The Conference focused on the “life-cycle” of an e-commerce transaction and the specific legal problems raised by the use of electronic means of communication at each stage of this life-cycle. In four half-day sessions, the Conference examined the pre-contractual phase, the conclusion of the contract, its performance, and the post-contractual phase.

For each phase, a moderator from “academia” outlined the legal issues raised by e-commerce at that particular stage. This was followed by a panel presentation of possible solutions achieved in the particular sector / area of each of the panel members, along with a general discussion.

During the session entitled “The pre-contractual phase”, issues such as advertising, competition, and the infringement of intellectual property rights on the Internet were discussed. “The contractual phase” focused on the negotiation and conclusion of the contract, its formal and substantive validity, as well as choice of court and choice of law clauses. The session on “The performance phase” covered two separate aspects: the delivery of goods or services and online performance on the one hand, and electronic payment and taxes on the other hand. During “The post-contractual phase and dispute resolution” session, issues such as data protection, confidentiality, spam, and product and service liability were discussed.

The solutions presented covered “hard law” (international treaties, European Community instruments, national legislation) as well as “soft law” (model laws, recommendations, guidelines elaborated at the national or international governmental level or self-regulatory instruments elaborated by business organizations). The Conference thereby served as a “show-case” for legislators and international governmental and non-governmental organizations. It encouraged dialogue between legislators, academics and those subject to the laws in practice (in particular businesses). The discussions demonstrated how all these different instruments and solutions interact. Further study of the proceedings may lead to the identification of possible gaps and possibilities for co-ordination among the different actors and varying solutions.

1. Use the dictionary to complete the chart.

verb	noun	adjective
to provide	...	...
...	...	contractual
to organize	...	...
...	legislation	...
to achieve	...	...
...	performance	...

2. Match the suitable adjectives on the left with correct noun on the right according to the text.

International intergovernmental panel intellectual separate opening contractual

presentation aspect speech organization phase conference property

3. Match the words on the left with the correct definitions on the right.

1) moderator 2) participant 3) legislator 4) academics

a) a teacher at a university b) a member of a body that makes laws c) a person who makes sure that both sides in a dispute are represented fairly d) a person who takes part in something