In 1877), selflessly saving the lives of the wounded in the most diffi­cult of conditions.

He in fact created a new medical science, field surgery, and sug­gested new, rational principles for the grouping, distribution and evacuation of the wounded. His work, "Fundamentals of Field Sur­gery" (1864), had soon become a reference book for field surgeons in all countries.

He formulated some of the most important principles of treating gunshot wounds, fractures, shock and wound infections, and developed the most ingenious methods of performing operations.

He was also the first to apply, on a large scale, plaster of Pan's bandages in field conditions (in Sevastopol, during the Crimean war), which was a revolution in field surgery. Almost 90 years later, during the Great Patriotic War, the Pirogov plaster of Paris was still widely used during the heroic defence of Sevastopol, and on-all other fronts, helping save the lives of many thousands of soldiers.

Pirogov had a phenomenal capacity for work, which enabled him to do a great deal in all spheres of surgery. He also developed clas­sical, world-acknowledged methods of operations and treatment in ophthalmology, urology, and other fields. Many of those methods are applied even now, and one of them, the so-called Pirogov amputation (a conservative-restorative operation on the extremities), marked the beginning of esteoplasty, giving a powerful impetus to the development of reconstructive surgery. • . •

Genuinely compassionate with the sick and the wounded, Pirogov 130

did all his efforts to find ways of relieving their suffering. He was among the first to realize the importance of general anesthesia and io apply narcosis, doing all he could towards its introduction into sur­gery. He firmly believed that narcosis not only relieved pain, but created the optimum conditions for keeping up the patient's vital functions during an operation.

TEXT В IV. Read the text and retell it.

ROBERT KOCH

Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1883 Koch went to Egypt to study cholera. At that time there was a wide­spread epidemic of cholera in Egypt. Nobody knew the origin of this disease, there were not any protective measures against it.

The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy peple died. But sometimes some people who were in a constant contact with the diseased person did not catch cholera. Koch carried out his investigations during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and then in India.

In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera which included the investigations of his research work. From the intestines of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped bacterium. He determined that these bacteria ..spread through 'drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discove­ries.

notes

microbiology [.nia!kro(u)bar3Jad3i3

(фойіологія

I» carry out провадити mouse [pi- mice) миша ІКі'-іШ [ha'silai] бацилли l« reveal виявляти cholera I'loiar?! холйра

protective measures захисні заходи

origin Ї'дгкізіп] походження

to catch [ka-tj"] захворіти, заразитися

intestines [in'testmzl кишки

comma-shaped подібний за формою до

коми

131

TEXT C V. Read the text and retell it.

EPIDEMICS IN UKRAINE

In the 18th and 19th centuries epidemics of infectious diseases were spread in many countries. They arose during the wars and evacuation of many people. At that time the wide-spread diseases were cholera, plague, smallpox and typhus.

In Ukraine epidemics decimated millions of the inhabitants. As the means allocated to the medical service for the population and

the number of hospitals were quite inadequated the rate of mortality was very high.

In the period from 1770 to 1798 the epidemic of plague was wide­spread in many places of Ukraine. It struck many large cities, as Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kremenchug and others. The disease had progressed very rapidly and many people died. The well-known Ukrainian scien­tist D. S. Samoilovych did much in the fight against plague in Ukraine.

In 1914—1920 the epidemic of typhus raged over Ukraine. The disease was transmitted from person to person by body lice. Many people suffered from this disease and died.

Many children infectious diseases, as diphteria, measles "and

others spread very rapidly- The percentage of malaria cases was very high too.

To fight against these diseases special medical units were orga­nized. The medical workers introduced mass inoculations to the po­pulation against smallpox, typhus and other diseases- Lakes and rivers were cleaned from malaria carriers. A wide network of children's hospitals, nurseries has been created.

All public health work was conducted according to a plan and was directed by the Ministry of Health- In the various localities there were. Departments of Health supervised by the local authorities- A Scienti­fic Medical Council composed of eminent specialists was established, and specialized reserch institutes were founded in all branches of medicine. The first chairs of Epidemiology were organized at the medi­cal institutes in Odesa (1920), Kharkiv (1923) and Dnipropetrovsk (1928). Thanks to the scientific achievements and all measures the

epidemics of plague, cholera, typhus and malaria have been stamped out in Ukraine.

But at present we have some cases of diphteria, cholera and other infectious diseases. A new disease—AIDS is a constant threat to the

humanity. The scientists of many countries carry out their research work to fight against this disease-

,132

wide-spread дуже поширений

arise виникати

plague [pleiyl чука

smallpox [•sm^lp3ks| вісаа

typhus I'tait'asj висипний тиф

measles ['mi;zEz| кір

inadequate fin'a'dikwill недостатній .

to decimate I'desimeit] нищити, косити

mortality ima'taeliti| смертність

strike (p. p. struck) уражати to rage люту^тй, бушувати louse [pi lice-' •<оша inoculation ( .:'-:обіаїне) іцедленвя tosupervise | -r-spsvaiz] завідуваїй to stamp out .йк&ідуйати AiDS (acquired immune deficiency syn­drome) СН1Д

V. Answer the following questions:

1. What centuries were epidemics of infectious diseases spread in? 2- What wide-spread diseases were at that time? 3. Why was the rate of mortality very high? 4. What period was the epidemic of plague wide­spread in many places of Ukraine in? 5- What targe cities did The epide­mic of plague strike? 6. What scientist did much in the fight against plague in Ukraine? 7. When did the epidemic of typhus rage? 8. What children infectious diseases spread very rapidly? 9. Was the percentage oi malaria cases high? 10. What was done to fight against these di­seases? 11. What medical institutes were the iirst chairs of Epidemio­logy organized at?

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