Тип сочинения и примерный план
"For" and "Against" Essays
Introduction
§1 - present the topic and state the problem, make a general remark about it without giving your opinion
A lot of people think that... We all know that... Can you imagine...? Have you ever thought of...? There are both advantages and disadvantages...Let's begin with...
Main Body
§2,3
- Arguments "for" (3 points)
To introduce points
The main / most important /greatest advantage of... is that...
Another advantage/disadvantage of... A further advantage / disadvantage of...
One point of view in favour of / against... The best /worst thing about...is...
To list points
In the first place...First of all...To start with...To begin with...
-Secondly...
Thirdly...'
Finally...Last but not least...
To add more points to the same topic
- What is more... Furthermore... Moreover...
- In addition to this... Besides...
Apart from this...
- Arguments "against" (3 points) (support your arguments with examples)
To make contrasting points
- on the other hand... however... in spite of the fact that ... despite the fact that...
-while ... nevertheless... even though ... although... it can be argued that...
To introduce examples
-for example ...for instance... such as ... in particular...
Conclusion
§4
- your opinion based on the given arguments
To conclude
- to sum up ... all in all...on the whole ... in conclusion...
- taking everything into account .../as was previously stated
- All things considered,
- Although there are some disadvantages ..., I believe it is...
- All in all, I believe that there are more advantages than disadvantages...
Opinion essays
Introduction
§1
- introduce the subject and state your opinion
- Nowadays, we are often told... Every day...
There is no doubt that...
- Over the past few years,...
Are you among those who...? Why has...become...?
- The British poet... once said that "... "
- There are various facts that support this opinion.
To express opinion
-In my opinion...
I believe...
It seems to me...
The way I see it...
Main Body
§2-4 or more paragraphs
- first viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
- second viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
- the opposing viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
To list points
-In the first place... First of all... To start with... To begin with...
— Secondly... Thirdly...
Finally...Last but not least..
To add more points to the same topic
— What is more... Furthermore...Moreover...
— In addition to this... Besides...Apart from this...
To introduce contrasting viewpoints
— It is argued that... People argue that... Opponents of this view say...
— There are people who oppose... Contrary to what most believe...
To introduce examples
-for example...for instance.
such as...in particular...
Conclusion
§5
- summarise what you've said
- restate your opinion using different words
To conclude
— to sum up... all in all...all things considered... on the whole... on the whole... — taking everything into account.../as was previously stated
All in all, I still feel that the benefits of..outweigh the disadvantages.
Тип сочинения и примерный план |
Introduction |
Main Body |
Conclusion |
1 ‘For’ and ‘Against’ essays (formal style) |
§ 1 -present the topic and state the problem -make a general remark about it without giving your opinion |
§ 2,3 -Arguments “for”( 3 points) -Arguments “against”(3 points) (support your arguments with examples) |
§ 4 - your opinion based on the given arguments |
2. Opinion essays (formal style)
|
§ 1 - introduce the subject and state your opinion
|
§ 2-4 – or more paragraphs - first viewpoint supported by reasons/ examples -second viewpoint supported by reasons/ examples - the opposing viewpoint supported by reasons/ examples |
§ 5 - summarise what you’ve said -restate your opinion using different words
|
To list and add points: Firstly/In the first place/To start/begin with ...;
Secondly/ In addition /Furthermore/ Moreover/ Besides...;
Thirdly/ Finally/ Last; Last but not least; etc To introduce or list advantages: The first/ main/ most important advantage of...; One/Another/An additional advantage of ...; One point of view in favour of...;
It is often suggested/believed/argued that...; Some/Many people suggest/feel/argue that...; etc To introduce or list disadvantages: The main/most important disadvantage/drawback of...;
One/Another/An additional disadvantage/negative effect of...;
One point/argument against; etc To introduce examples/reasons/results: For example/instance; such as; like;
in particular; therefore;
for this reason; because; as; since; as a result; etc To show contrast: On the other hand;
However; still; but;
Nonetheless; Nevertheless;
Although; Even though;
Despite/ In spite of (the fact that); etc
To introduce a conclusion: In conclusion; To conclude/sum up;
All in all; Finally; Last; All things considered;
Taking everything into account/ consideration; etс
Предлагаем
вам образец выполнения письменного
высказывания с элементами рассуждения
по предложенной проблеме.
Y
ou
have 40 minutes to do this task. Comment on the following
statement.
Many
children are becoming obese. Some people feel schools should ban junk
food to help solve this problem.
What
can you say for and against serving junk food in schools? Write
200-250
words using the plan.
1.
Introduction
(state the problem)
Would
children have a healthier lifestyle if chips, hamburgers and fizzy
drinks were banned from school canteens? Many of the meals that
children eat at school are high in sugar and fat. In Europe today
about 25% of children weigh more than is healthy. This is a serious
problem because children who are overweight are likely to be
overweight as adults and this can lead to health problem.
2.
Arguments “for”
Many
people believe that schools are responsible for teaching children
healthy eating habits. Children who eat well learn well. If school
canteens have only good food on the menu, children will eat good
food. If children learn to appreciate a healthy diet at school, they
will appreciate it for the rest of their lives.
3.
Arguments “against”
However,
if you stop children buying junk food at school it doesn’t mean
that they will stop buying junk food outside school. It is better to
teach children to make healthy food choices. Lead by example by
eating well at home. If you teach a child to make healthy choices,
you are teaching them an important lesson.
4.
Conclusion
Schools,
parents and children themselves must share the responsibility for the
food children eat. Children who eat well do better at school and will
probably go on to be healthy.
Попробуйте
самостоятельно выполнить следующее
задание:
Y
ou
have 40 minutes to do this task. Comment
on the following statement.
The
Internet is a new way to communicate. Some people think it has more
drawbacks than advantages.
What
can you say for and against communicating by using the
Internet?
Write 200-250
words using the plan.
How to write an essay
When we write about the pros and cons of an issue, we consider a topic from opposing points of view, outlining the advantages and disadvantages.
In the first paragraph we introduce the topic. In articles and compositions, we may use any of the following techniques to make the beginning more interesting to the reader: - a reference to an imaginary scene or situation - addressing the reader directly - a rhetorical question - a quotation
The main body usually consists of two paragraphs. One presents the points for the issue, along with our justifications or examples. The other presents the points against the issue with supporting sentences.
In the final paragraph we give our opinion and/or a balanced summary of the topic. To make the ending of the composition more effective, we can use one of the following techniques: - state a personal opinion - give the reader something to consider - use a quotation or rhetorical question
Do not include opinion words (I believe, I think, etc) in the introduction or the main body of compositions, reports and articles.
Pros and cons can be found in articles, compositions, reports or letters. The style of writing is usually semi-formal or formal.
Many children are becoming obese. Some people feel schools should ban junk food to help solve this problem.
What can you say for and against serving junk food in schools?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Almost every household has rules followed by the members of the family.
What can you say for and against following rules at home?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Internet is a new way to communicate. Some people think it has more drawbacks than advantages. What can you say for and against communicating by using the Internet? Предлагаем вам познакомиться с одной из версий сочинения-рассуждения на данную тему, в которой выдержаны требования, предъявляемые к содержанию, организации текста, лексике, грамматике, орфографии и пунктуации.(224 слова)
1. Introduction (state the problem) The Internet is an extremely useful tool that has become an important part of our lives in the last few years. It makes searching for information much easier and quicker than before when people had to rely on books as a research tool. But, there are those who points out that the Internet can make life more difficult too. 2. Arguments “for” It is true that the Internet has given us the possibility of reading vast quantities of information on an unlimited number of topics. What is more, it allows us to communicate that information to anyone who has a computer, via email. For many people, it is their only source of written information. 3. Arguments “against” However, the Internet has its drawbacks. The main one is that the information that it provides is not always accurate or up-to-date. Secondly, the amount of information is so great that it can make looking for something too complicated. In addition, it can be quite costly to log onto and use. 4. Conclusion All in all, the Internet is a useful addition to our lives when it is used wisely, but it is important not to think of it as the only source of information and to use books as well. It is unique in the way it has united the world through communication of ideas and this has never happened before.
Порассуждаем о преимуществах и недостатках обучения за рубежом. Наши аргументы «за» и «против» на эту тему следующие: 1. Introduction (state the problem) Nowadays, with better co-operation, and relation with foreign countries, some students choose to study at a foreign university rather than a local, one. However, there are drawbacks to studying in another country. 2. Arguments «for» A reason why people want to study in another country is that, they have the opportunity of learning the, language of that country, Also, you learn to be more independent because you do not have your, family nearby to rely on. In addition, you have the chance to get to, know people from a different country and, apart from making new friendships and contacts, you become familiar with, another culture and way of life. This helps to broaden the mind. 3. Arguments «against» On the other hand, studying abroad can be very, expensive and your family may have to give up, things like holidays to be able to afford to send you to another country. Moreover, you may get homesick and unhappy there because you are far away from your family. As a result you might mix only with other students from your own country and so, will not experience a different style of living. 4. Conclusion All in all, whether you would enjoy, studying abroad depends on what kind of person you are and how much you can afford. If you have strong family ties, then it might be better to study in your own country. But, if you are the type who mixes well with people from different cultures, then it could be a challenging experience.
Перед вами высказывание на тему: Is it better to be brought up in a big or in a small family?
Постарайтесь логически правильно выстроить высказывание.
Подчеркните вводные слова, которые помогают читателю следить за ходом вашей мысли.
Проконтролируйте объём письменного высказывания (количество слов).
A___ I think it is much better to be brought up in a small family. The first advantage of growing up in a small family is that your parents might be much more attentive to your needs as there is nobody else for them to care for. Furthermore, all your clothes and toys are new and not handed down from your elder brother or sister. Besides you don't have to share your room and you toys with anyone. Lastly, on your birthday you get much better presents from your grand parents and other relatives because they don't have to divide up their savings between several children.
B___ In the beginning of the last century families were big with up to ten children in the family. Now there is only one child in most of the families. Some people say that it is better to live in a big family and the government tries to encourage people to have more children. Still most of the families are small and I am going to explain why.
C ___To sum up, I want to say once again that it is better to be brought up in a small family because if you are the only child in the family you will be better provided for, you will have a better chance to get good education which is important for your future career.
D ___ On the other hand, living in a large family has advantages too. Some people believe that the most important of them is that you have more people to discuss your problems with. It may be right, that some children find it difficult to talk to their parents. However you can always discuss problems with your friends. If you have a lot of friends, you will never feel lonely.
Ваше задание выглядело так:
Comment on the following statement:
In some schools nowadays pupils study two or even three foreign languages. What can you say for and against learning several languages at school? Write 200-250 words.
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
• make an introduction (state the problem)
• give arguments "for"
• give arguments "against"
• draw a conclusion
Разделите высказывание на абзацы
Подчеркните вводные слова, которые помогают читателю следить за ходом вашей мысли.
Проконтролируйте объём письменного высказывания (количество слов).
Nowadays many pupils study two or three foreign languages at school. Some of them are happy, others are not. I am going to consider whether it is good or not to study several languages at school. On the one hand, it is good. First of all it is very good to know foreign languages for your future career. It is also believed that the younger you are the easier it is to learn a foreign language. So it may be a good idea to start learning languages in the primary school. Some people also say that when you know one foreign language it is easier to study a second and a third one because you have better understanding of how languages work. On the other hand, some pupils are not happy because it is not always very easy to study several languages. Sometimes you begin to mix up words from different languages or start talking French instead of German or English. Another thing that makes pupils unhappy is the homework. If you study two or three languages you have to write and read more every day. You have to spend more time doing your homework. Some parents also start worrying about their children's health because the children have no time for doing sports or going for a walk. To sum up, I can say that there are both positive and negative aspects in learning several languages at school. However, people may have different abilities. So I think that pupils should be given a chance to choose. Those who are not very good at languages should be allowed to study only one.