Часть IV тексты для дополнительного чтения
TEXT 1
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Agriculture is a human activity in which people use areas of land to produce food, clothing and other necessary materials.
The word “ager” is a Latin word. It means a field. The word agriculture means the cultivation of fields and growing crops. But this is the old meaning of this word. Now it also means the use of land to breed animals. At present there are two main branches of agriculture. They are crop growing and animal breeding.
We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture.
The soil is the basis of agriculture. Enough food for all the people can be grown if there is sufficient good soil for crops to produce high yields.
There are two ways to grow enough food plants. They are: the increase in area of arable land and the intensification of agricultural production in the areas already used for cropping. At present the second way is more important because there is not enough experience to reclaim tropical and subtropical lands.
The intensification of production in the traditional agricultural areas is based on the knowledge of climate, soils and their use, and on a large collection of high-yielding varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops.
All intensification factors, such as full mechanization, high application of fertilizers and extensive use of herbicides must be used in such a way as not to disturb the biological equilibrium of the soil.
TEXT 2
LANDOWNERSHIP ABROAD
USA
American farmers own their land. They can buy or sell it at their own discretion, and nobody has the right to tell them what to sow or raise. They decide this for themselves, taking into account climatic conditions and market demand. The USA today has 2.2 million farms. Medium-sized farms, numbering 600,000 to 700,000, form the backbone of American agriculture. Though making up less than a third of the overall number, they account for 90% of the total agricultural produce. There are some leaseholders, but their numbers are decreasing.
Germany
All agricultural land belongs to private owners – from big landlords to small farmers. Land can be bought and sold. The rights of individuals and of state and public organizations to own, use and dispose of their property are regulated to the minutest detail by the Constitution and specific laws. The agrarian sector is based on private ownership of land, the owners being completely free to dispose of their plots in any legal manner.
Italy
Private ownership of land is a fundamental principle and a legal basis for the existence of over three million farms and agricultural enterprises. Most of the land is in private hands.
Alongside private, there is cooperative ownership of land. There is also state ownership in the regions, provinces and communes. The state owns about 10% of the total area, mainly forests, game reserves and public pasture. Land can be bought, sold, inherited, and given as a gift. There are no limits to the area of a plot or field one may own. The only condition for the sale of a plot is that owners of a neighboring area or former leaseholders who used to work on the plot should have priority as buyers.
Japan
Farmers own their land. Nearly 70% of the farms have small plots of not more than 2.5 acres each (including 40% with plots of up to 1.2 acres each). Only 1.7% of the farms have plots of 12.5 acres or more, and most of them are located in sparsely populated flat country on Hokkaido Island, which has an abundance of unused and cheap land.
A specific feature of Japan is that only 15% of the 4.3 million peasant households are dependent on agricultural labor. The others have at least one member of the family working outside agriculture.
Despite the shortage of land there is no speculative buying of it by townspeople: the farmers prefer to keep their land under crops since tax on agricultural land is only $40 per 100 square meters a year; whereas the same area categorized as “land plot” will cost the owner $1,500 a year.
TEXT 3
LANDOWNING, AGRARIAN RELATIONS,
HOME FOOD SUPPLY IN GREAT BRITAIN
The larger part of the land belongs to big landowners: 70% of all land is in the hands of only 1% of the population. Among the largest landowners in the country are the Crown and the Church of England.
The main productive forces in Britain’s agriculture are full-or part-time agricultural labourers. Large farms (having over 50 hectares of land and employing 4 or more full-time workers) produce about half of the total agricultural output. Medium-sized farms (from 10 to 50 hectares, employing 2 or 3 workers) account for some 40%, and very small farms, farmed part-time, produce the remainder.
The rural population of Britain can be divided into four groups: 1) landlords (landed aristocracy), owning large estates and deriving income from rents; 2) owner-farmers, owning farms and land, making their living by the sale of agricultural produce; 3) tenant-farmers, renting farms from landlords and making their living in the same way as the owner-farmers; 4) labourers, neither owning nor renting any land, but working for the farmer.
Before the Second World War Britain produced one-third of its total food requirements. In the 1980s home production of the principal foods amounted to two-thirds.
Britain today is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, potatoes, barley and oats. Also a large proportion of meat and vegetables is home-produced. Home-produced bread, cheese, bacon and milk meet half of the country’s needs.
TEXT 4
FARMS IN BRITAIN
Geographically Great Britain consists of Highland Britain and Lowland Britain. The soil in many parts of Highland Britain is thin and poor. Lowland Britain is a rich area with fertile soil. The types of farms are different in different soil and climatic areas. In the eastern part of Britain most farms are arable. The farmers grow different crops there. In the western part of the country most farms are dairy. Small farms in Britain are usually mixed farms on which farmers both grow crops and keep farm animals. Britain has a mild climate. The temperature seldom exceeds 32◦ C or falls below zero. Thus farmers work in the fields all the year round. The main agricultural products of Britain are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, milk and different kinds of meat. There are a few millions of acres of woodlands in Great Britain. Britain usually imports meat, butter, tea, fruit, tobacco.
TEXT 5
FARMING IN JAPAN
Most of Japan’s land cannot be used for farms because it is too mountainous. Islands do not provide enough land for cultivation. Every bit of land that can be used for growing crops is made to produce as much as possible in order to provide food for the people.
Small areas among the mountains are used as farmland. The largest is around Yokohama and Tokyo. This area contains more nearly level land than can be found in any other place in Japan. The climate here is favourable for raising crops. There is a long growing season with plenty of rain all through the year. All this helps to make it one of the best farming areas in Japan.
Rice is a favourite food of the Japanese, and they raise more of it than any other food. Rice grows in standing water in fields that have low banks around them to hold in the water. In some places the rice seed is scattered over the ground of the rice field. The farmers walk through the water and stick rice plants one by one into the soil below. These plants have been raised in small seed beds to be transplanted later in the larger fields.
The fields are drained when the rice is ripe, and the plants are cut. They are then tied into small bundles and laid out on the ground to dry. Small threshing machines may then be used to separate the rice grains from the stalks. Most rice is raised on the lower, flatter lands where it is easier to flood the rice fields. Where sloping land is used, it has to be terraced.
On the higher, quite level areas, there are fields of other grains, such as wheat, barley, and corn. Sweet potatoes and vegetables are grown on the higher levels too. Sweet potatoes are a big crop in Japan.
TEXT 6
AGRICULTURE IN DENMARK
Denmark is situated in North-Western Europe. Its population is more than one million.
Agriculture is the most important industry in this country. It is highly developed. At present big farms are predominant in Denmark. Small and medium farms cannot compete with big industrial farms and they are quickly disappearing.
The country has very favourable climate, soils and topography for farming. Most soils are light. There are no heavy clay soils. The climate is mild. The rainfall ranges from 30 inches in the West to 22 inches in the East. This factors favour crop growing and animal breeding.
Most of the farm land is under grass. Of the crops grown the most important is barley that is used in pig feeding. Animal products make up more than a half of the total agricultural export of the country.
The natural conditions of Denmark, a great number of livestock on the farms, and the use of fertilizers are the factors that favour the growing of high yields of crops.
TEXT 7
CLASSIFICATION OF FIELD CROPS
The aim of classification of field crops is to group them according to their growth habit and according to their use. On the first principle the crops are classified as annuals, biennials and perennials. According to their use there exists the following classification:
1. Cereal or Grain Crops. A Cereal is a grass grown for its edible grain. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and rye are the main cereals raised by man.
2. Large-Seeded Legumes. The principal legumes are field peas, field beans and soybeans. They are grown for their edible seeds or in order to improve soil fertility.
3. Root Crops. They are grown because of the food value of their roots. They are biennials. The first year they collect food and store it up in their roots. The second year they grow and produce seeds.
4. Forage crops. Forage crop is a crop grown because of its stems and leaves which are used in feeding livestock. Forage crops include all grasses cut for hay, legumes cut for forage, sorghum and corn fodder.
5. Tubers. A tuber is a thickened underground stem. The most important tuber in the world is potato.
6. Fiber crops. Several plants are grown because of their fiber which is used in making textiles, ropes and similar materials. The principal fiber crops are cotton, flax and hemp.
TEXT 8
PLANTS, THEIR PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Plants are highly important sources of food for man, they supply us with food, clothing and many other things as well.
To get high yields of crops we must know how a plant grows. It is necessary to study the principal parts of a plant and their functions.
The principal parts of a plant are:
1. the root system,
2. stems and leaves,
3. the reproductive part made up of flowers, fruits, seeds.
The roots grow downward into the soil and have two main functions: to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil, to anchor the plant. As to stems and leaves they are usually above the ground. The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves from the raw materials taken from the soil and air. This process is known as photosynthesis.
The main functions of the stem are to support the leaves and to connect them with the roots.
A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. Thus, to produce seeds the plant must have flowers.
A seed consists of an embryo, a supply of food, and one or more seed coats surrounding the young plant and its food supply.
All parts of a plant must be developed well to function properly. If conditions for plant growth are bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well.
TEXT 9
TOMORROW’S FARM MACHINERY
Experts estimate that a tractor passes over one and the same places in a field nearly 40 times in a season. This packs the top layer of soil below 20-30 cm. The increasing weight and power of tractors create a threat that in time the fertile layer may vanish altogether. As a way out the combining of agricultural operations is suggested. For instance, cultivator-seeder unit was developed by Russian scientists on the basis of the LTZ-100 universal cultivator-seeder tractor. Another innovation is a unit which combines subsoiling with fertilizer application. At present, fertilizer is strewn about the field, and then ploughed into the soil. The new unit cultivates the soil and applies fertilizer simultaneously. It operates together with the heavy K-701 tractor, fitted with huge rubber tyres and extra wheels to reduce soil compaction.
Designers are now testing a reversible plough which enables the driver to start working at any end of a field. After completing a run in one direction it turns the machine about practically on its axis, reverses the plough and starts in the opposite direction.
Another promising field is the use of reaction-cultivation components. They make swaths as much as 12 metres wide. Despite the fact that they are propelled by light tractors with more powerful engines cultivation goes ahead faster. This unusual type of implement is still in its infancy. Scientists believe that in future a self-propelled plough will be developed.
We have mentioned only a few experimental models of farm machines. Some will prove their worth while others may possibly be rejected. That is a natural process as our scientists develop new, highly productive machines for farm fields.
TEXT 10
LAND ECONOMICS
Land economics deals with the efficiency of the use of land, soil conservation and irrigation practices. Crop production greatly depends on land and its productivity. Soils are the most important natural resources. Farming destroys them to some extent, removing the essential plant - food elements and exposing soils to the effects of erosion. Better land use means first of all soil conservation. It includes measures for controlling erosion, proper rotations to increase the organic matter, the application of fertilizers and manure, proper tillage methods as well as drainage and irrigation practices. The better the soil, the higher the yield. But yields are affected by many other factors as well. Among them there are: high-quality seeds, application of fertilizers, good preparations of the land, proper rotations, drainage and irrigation where needed, timely planting, cultivating and harvesting.
Proper varieties should be chosen to get high yields. The proper selection of high-producing, good quality varieties is an important part of high production efficiency. Seedbed preparation is also very important. The right kind of preparing a seedbed is to get a fine, moist and mellow soil. Good crop rotation keeps up the productivity of the soil. Well-planned rotations increase yields because they conserve and improve the soil. Crop rotations increase the supply of organic matter and are very effective in controlling weeds and diseases.
TEXT 11
UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The problem of rational utilization of natural resources is of greatest importance all over the world today. Now, in the period of most intensive development of industry and agriculture, the programme of nature conservation is of special importance. According to this programme practical measures on rational and economic utilization of natural resources in different spheres of economy are planned. One of the means to solve this problem is to build complex enterprises. It means that the production process in the complex must be organized so that waste products of one enterprise could be used and processed by another. It will have great economic effect and will protect air and water from pollution. When we use natural resources we should be careful not to destroy the balance of the biosphere in order to preserve nature not only for people living now but also for those who will live many thousand years after. To realise measures to be taken for nature conservation, to fulfil the programme on national use and reproduction of natural resources, cooperation of specialists in different spheres of science and practical activities is necessary. To solve ecological problems cooperation of all scientists and engineers is necessary. That is why some basic information on ecology is to be part of professional education of specialists in different spheres of science.
TEXT 12
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Conservation of living resources means using them in such ways that valuable plants and animals are maintained for future generation. To survive, every species must modify its environment. So, environmental modification is a natural process, it is a necessary part of development. To conserve the environment it is necessary to find such ways of development which will at the same time conserve the living resources essential for man.
Soil is the greatest importance in the life of people, as all food production depends on it. Soil erosion is a natural process, but usually the soil is regenerated if there is enough vegetation. If soil and vegetation are not in balance as a result of poor soil management, the soil is lost.
Pest control is another important problem. Chemicals are an important means of control, but if too high doses of pesticide are applied, it may produce undesirable effect. Too high doses of pesticide destroy natural pest enemies and may contaminate food and feed. Besides, these pesticides may become less effective after some time. That is why chemical control methods should be combined with the introduction of pest-resistant crop varieties.
Such and similar problems should be considered by a special soil conservation service. This service should operate in each country. It should be able not only to give recommendations, but also to influence the agricultural policy.
TEXT 13
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS
Man cannot influence climatic conditions. However, with new progress in science, crop production can be controlled by applying improved farming practices.
So, the farmer can’t regulate the amount of rainfall, but he can prevent loss of moisture by proper cultivation and by incorporating into the soil large amounts of organic matter which helps conserve moisture. In some areas irregularities in rainfall and lack of moisture are compensated by irrigation.
Proper temperature is also essential for successful plant growth.
Wind is another climatic factor influencing crop production. The farmer cannot control the wind but he can farm land in such a way as to lose as little soil as possible due to wind erosion. Sunlight is highly important for many processes taking place in the growing of plants.
Crops vary in their climatic requirements. Low yields may often result from too low temperatures and abnormally dry weather.
To obtain high yield of a good quality crop it is necessary to select a proper variety best adapted to the conditions of the region it is to be grown in.
ТАБЛИЦА НЕСТАНДАРТНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
Infinitive |
Past Indefinite |
Past Participle |
be [bI:] быть |
was, were [wOz] [wә:] |
been [bI:n] |
become [bI'kAm] становиться |
became [bI'keIm] |
become [bI'kAm] |
begin [bI'gIn] начинать |
began [bI'gæn] |
begun [bI'gAn] |
breed [brI:d] разводить |
bred [bred] |
bred [bred] |
build [bIld] строить |
built [bIlt] |
built [bIlt] |
can [kæn] мочь |
could [kud] |
|
come [kAm] приходить |
came [keIm] |
come [kAm] |
do [du:] делать |
did [dId] |
done [dAn] |
get [get] получать |
got [gOt] |
got [gOt] |
give [gIv] давать |
gave [geIv] |
given ['gIvn] |
go [gou] ходить |
went [went] |
gone [gOn] |
grow [grou] расти |
grew [gru:] |
grown [groun] |
have [hæv] иметь |
had [hæd] |
had [hæd] |
know [nou] знать |
knew [nju:] |
known [noun] |
lead [lI:d] вести |
led [led] |
led [led] |
make [meIk] делать |
made [meId] |
made [meId] |
may [meI] мочь |
might [maIt] |
|
meet [mI:t] встречать |
met [met] |
met [met] |
read [rI:d] читать |
read [red] |
read [red] |
say [seI] говорить |
said [sed] |
said [sed] |
see [sI:] видеть |
saw [sO:] |
seen [sI:n] |
send [send] посылать |
sent [sent] |
sent [sent] |
sit [sIt] сидеть |
sat [sæt] |
sat [sæt] |
sow [sou] сеять |
sowed [soud] |
sown [soun] |
speak [spI:k] говорить |
spoke [spouk] |
spoken [spoukqn] |
stand [stænd] стоять |
stood [stud] |
stood [stud] |
take [teIk] брать |
took [tuk] |
taken [teIkәn] |
tell [tel] сказать |
told [tould] |
told [tould] |
write [raIt] писать |
wrote [rout] |
written [rItn] |
АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ
about [ә'baut] |
о, об, около |
accumulate [ә'kju:mjuleIt] |
накапливать |
advice [әd'vaIs] |
совет |
after [a:ftә] |
после; после того, как |
afternoon, in the afternoon ['a:ftә'nu:n] |
после обеда |
again [ә'gen] |
опять, снова |
ago [ә'gou] |
тому назад |
agricultural ["ægrI'kAlt∫urәl] |
сельскохозяйственный |
agriculture [ægrIkAlt∫ә] |
сельское хозяйство |
agronomist [ә'grOnOmIst] |
агроном |
air [εә] |
воздух |
all [O:l] |
все, всё |
along [ә'loη] |
вдоль, по |
already [O:l'redI] |
уже |
also ['O:lsou] |
тоже, также |
always ['O:lwqz] |
всегда |
and [әnd] |
и |
animal ['ænImәl] |
животное |
around [ә'raund] |
вокруг |
as [әz] |
так |
at [әt] |
в; на; при, у |
attend [ә'tend] |
посещать |
autumn ['O:tәm] |
осень |
A
B
back [bæk] |
назад, обратно |
bad [bæd] |
плохой |
bag [bxg] |
сумка, портфель |
bank [bæηk] |
берег |
basic ['beIsIk] |
основной |
be [bI:] (was, were, been) |
быть, находиться |
become [bI'kAm] (became, become) |
становиться |
before [bI'fO:] |
перед, прежде чем |
begin [bI'gIn] (began, begun) |
начинать (ся) |
big [bIg] |
большой |
biology [baI'OlәdZI] |
биология |
black [blæk] |
черный |
blackboard ['blækbO:d] |
доска |
book [buk] |
книга |
box [bOks] |
ящик, коробка |
boy [bOI] |
мальчик |
breathe [brI:ð] |
дышать |
breed [brI:d] (bred) |
разводить, выводить |
brother ['brAðә] |
брат |
build [bIld] (built) |
строить |
building [bIldIη] |
здание |
busy ['bIzI] |
занятый |
but [bAt] |
но, а |
by [baI] |
у, около; посредством |
С
can [kæn] (could) |
мочь |
canal [kәn'æl] |
канал |
centre ['sentә] |
центр |
change ['t∫eIndZ] |
менять(ся) |
chemistry ['kemIstrI] |
химия |
chess [t∫es] |
шахматы |
child [t∫aIld] |
ребенок |
children ['t∫Ildrәn] |
дети |
city ['sItI] |
город |
classes ['kla:sIz] |
занятия |
classroom ['kla:srum] |
аудитория |
clock [klOk] |
часы |
clothing [klouðIη] |
одежда |
combine-harvester [kәm'baIn" ha:vIstә] |
зерноуборочный комбайн |
come [kAm] (came, come) |
приходить, приезжать |
conference ['kOnfәrәns] |
конференция |
conservation ["kOnsә:'veI∫n] |
сохранение, хранение; консервация |
construct [kәn'strAkt] |
строить, создавать |
consult [kәn'sAlt] |
советоваться; консультироваться |
cottage ['kOtIdZ] |
коттедж |
criticize ['krItIsaIz] |
критиковать |
crop [krOp] |
урожай; с/х культура |
cultivator ['kAltIveItә] |
культиватор |
cultivation ["kAltI'veI∫n] |
обработка, культивация |
D
day [deI] |
день |
dean [dI:n] |
декан |
deliver [dI'lIvә] |
доставлять |
deliver lectures |
читать лекции |
develop [dI'velәp] |
развивать(ся); разрабатывать, создавать |
dictionary ['dIk∫әnrI] |
словарь |
die [daI] |
умирать |
different ['dIfәrәnt] |
другой, различный |
difficult ['dIfIkәlt] |
трудный |
direct [dI'rekt] |
направлять |
direct practical training |
вести практические занятия |
discuss [dIs'kAs] |
обсуждать |
district ['dIstrIkt] |
район |
do [du:] (did, done) |
делать |
doctor ['dOktә] |
доктор |
during ['djuәrIη] |
в течение |
E
each [I:t∫] |
каждый |
easy ['I:zI] |
легкий |
economics ["I:kә'nOmIks] |
экономика, народное хозяйство |
economist [I:'kOnәmIst] |
экономист |
economy [I:'kOnәmI] |
хозяйство; экономика, бережливость |
elder ['eldә] |
старший |
electricity ["Ilek'trIsItI] |
электричество |
end [end] |
конец |
engineer ["endZI'nIә] |
инженер |
engineering ["endZI'nIәrIη] |
техника |
English ['IηglI∫] |
английский язык |
enough [I'nAf] |
достаточно |
enter ['entә] |
входить |
evening ['I:vnIη] |
вечер |
every ['evrI] |
каждый |
everyone ['evrIwAn] |
каждый (человек) |
everywhere ['evrIwεә] |
везде, всюду |
examination (exam) [Ig"zæmI'neI∫n] |
экзамен |
experiment [Iks'perImәnt] |
эксперимент |
experimental training farm |
учебно-опытное хозяйство |
F
factory ['fæktәrI] |
фабрика, завод |
faculty ['fækәltI] |
факультет |
family ['fæmIlI] |
семья |
far [fa:] |
далеко |
farm [fa:m] |
ферма, хозяйство |
farming [fa:mIη] |
занятие сельским хозяйством, земледелие |
father ['fa:ðә] |
отец |
few [fju:] |
мало |
field [fI:ld] |
поле |
finish ['fInI∫] |
кончать(ся), заканчивать |
first [fә:st] |
первый |
fond [fOnd] (to be fond of) |
любить, нравиться |
food [fu:d] |
пища |
foreign ['fOrIn] |
иностранный |
forest ['fOrIst] |
лес |
found [faund] |
основывать |
free [frI:] |
свободный |
friend [frend] |
друг |
from [frOm] |
из, от |
fruit [fru:t] |
фрукт, плоды |
G
garden ['ga:dn] |
сад |
German ['dZә:mәn] |
немецкий язык |
get [get] (got) |
получать; доставлять, добывать |
girl [gә:l] |
девочка |
give [gIv] (gave, given) |
давать |
give off |
испускать |
go [gou] (went, gone) |
ходить, ездить |
good [gud] |
хороший |
grandmother ['græn"mAðә] |
бабушка |
great [greIt] |
великий, огромный |
greatly [greItlI] |
очень, весьма |
group [gru:p] |
группа |
grow [grou] (grew, grown) |
расти, выращивать |
H
hall [hO:l] |
зал |
harvest ['ha:vIst] |
урожай |
hat [hæt] |
шляпа |
have [hæv] (had) |
иметь |
he [hI:] |
он |
head [hed] |
голова |
help [help] |
помощь; помогать |
her [hә:] |
ее, ей |
here [hIә] |
здесь |
high [haI] |
высокий, высоко |
him [hIm] |
ему, его |
his [hIz] |
его |
history ['hIstәrI] |
история |
holidays ['hOlәdIz] |
каникулы |
home [houm] |
дом; родина |
hospital ['hOspItl] |
больница |
hostel ['hOstәl] |
общежитие |
hot [hOt] |
горячий, жаркий |
house [haus] |
дом |
how [hau] |
как |
how many, how much |
сколько |
how old are you? |
сколько вам лет? |
hundred ['hAndrId] |
сто, сотня |
I
I [aI] |
я |
important [Im'pO:tәnt] |
важный |
increase [In'krI:s] |
увеличивать(ся), усиливать(ся) |
inorganic ["InO:'gænIk] |
неорганический |
Institute ['InstItju:t] |
институт |
interest ['IntrIst] |
интерес |
interesting ['IntrIstIη] |
интересный |
invent [In'vent] |
изобретать |
irrigation ["IrI'geI∫әn] |
орошение |
is [Iz] |
3 лицо ед. числа от гл. to be (быть) |
it [It] |
он, она, оно; это |
its [Its] |
его, ее |
J
journal ['dZә:nl] |
журнал |
just [dZAst] |
только |
K
know [nou] (knew, known) |
знать |
L
laboratory [lә'bOrәtәrI] |
лаборатория |
language ['læηgwIdZ] |
язык |
large [la:dZ] |
большой |
last [la:st] |
последний, прошлый |
late [leIt] (to be late) |
опаздывать |
lecture ['lekt∫ә] |
лекция |
left [left] |
левый |
lesson ['lesn] |
урок, занятие |
letter ['letә] |
письмо |
library ['laIbrәrI] |
библиотека |
life [laIf] |
жизнь |
lift [lIft] |
поднимать |
light [laIt] |
свет |
like [laIk] |
любить, нравиться |
listen ['lIsn] |
слушать |
little [lItl] |
маленький; мало |
live [lIv] |
жить |
livestock ['laIvstOk] |
домашний скот, поголовье |
lot [lOt] (a lot of) |
много, множество |
M
machine [mә'∫I:n] |
машина |
machinery [mә'∫I:nәrI] |
машины; оборудование |
make [meIk] (made) |
делать, изготавливать |
man [mæn] |
человек; мужчина |
many ['menI] |
много |
married ['mærId] |
замужем, женатый |
mathematics ["mæθI'mætIks] |
математика |
matter ['mætә] |
вещество |
may [meI] (might) |
мочь |
me [mI:] |
мне, меня |
mechanize ['mekәnaIz] |
механизировать |
meet [mI:t] (met) |
встречать |
meeting [mI:tIη] |
собрание; встреча |
mineral ['mInәrәl] |
минерал |
modern ['mOdәn] |
современный |
month [mAnθ] |
месяц |
more [mO:] |
более |
most [moust] |
наиболее, самый |
mother ['mAðә] |
мать |
much [mAt∫] |
много |
must [mAst] |
должен |
my [maI] |
мой, моя, мое, мои |
N
name [neIm] |
имя; называть |
nature ['neIt∫ә] |
природа; сущность; характер |
need [nI:d] |
нуждаться |
neighbouring ['neIbәrIη] |
соседний |
new [nju:] |
новый |
news [nju:z] |
новости |
newspaper ['nju:s"peIpә] |
газета |
next [nekst] |
следующий |
nice [naIs] |
красивый; хороший |
no [nou] |
нет |
not [nOt] |
не |
now [nau] |
сейчас |
number ['nAmbә] |
число; количество; номер |
O
old [ould] |
старый |
on [On] |
на |
one [wAn] |
один |
open ['oupәn] |
открывать |
organic [O:'gænIk] |
органический |
organize ['O: gәnaIz] |
организовать |
other ['Aðә] |
другой |
our [auә] |
наш, наша, наше, наши |
over ['ouvә] |
свыше, более (to be over-заканчиваться) |
oxygen ['OksIdZәn] |
кислород |
P
parents ['pεәrәnts] |
родители |
park [pa:k] |
парк |
part [pa:t] |
часть |
pen [pen] |
ручка |
pencil ['pensl] |
карандаш |
physics [fIzIks] |
физика |
plan [plæn] |
план |
plant [pla:nt] |
завод; растение, сажать |
play [pleI] |
играть |
plow [plau] |
пахать |
population ["popju:'leI∫n] |
население |
potato [pә'teItou] |
картофель |
power ['pauә] |
энергия, мощность |
prepare [prI'pεә] |
готовить (ся) |
problem [prOblәm] |
проблема, задача |
process ['prousqs] |
процесс |
protection [prә'tek∫әn] |
защита, охрана |
Q
qualification ["kwOlIfI'keI∫әn] |
квалификация |
R
radio ['reIdIou] |
радио |
rain [reIn] |
дождь |
read [rI:d] (read) |
читать |
reading-room [rI:dIη rum] |
читальный зал |
red [red] |
красный |
region ['rI:dZәn] |
район |
regular ['regjulә] |
регулярный, систематический |
report [rI'pO:t] |
доклад |
rich [rIt∫] |
богатый |
river ['rIvә] |
река |
room [rum] |
комната |
rotting [rOtIη] |
гниющий, гниение |
Russian ['rA∫әn] |
русский |
S
same [seIm] |
тот же самый |
say [seI] (said) |
говорить, сказать |
school [sku:l] |
школа |
schoolgirl ['sku:lgә:l] |
школьница |
science ['saIәns] |
наука |
scientists ['saIәntIst] |
ученый |
second ['sekәnd] |
второй |
secondary ['seckndәrI] |
средний |
see [sI:] (saw, seen) |
видеть, смотреть |
seed [sI:d] |
семя, семена; зерно |
seminar ['semIna:] |
семинар |
send [send] (sent) |
посылать, отправлять |
set [set] |
комплект, прибор (TV-set-телевизор) |
several ['sevrәl] |
несколько |
she [∫I:] |
она |
show [∫ou] (showed, shown) |
показывать |
sister [sIstә] |
сестра |
sit [sIt] (sat) |
сидеть |
situated ['sItjueItId] |
расположенный |
six [sIks] |
шесть |
small [smO:l] |
маленький |
smoke [smouk] |
курить |
so [sou] |
такой, так |
soil [sOIl] |
почва |
solve [sOlv] |
решать |
some [sAm] |
некоторый, некий; несколько |
soon [su:n] |
скоро, вскоре |
sow [sou] (sowed; sowed, sown) |
сеять, засевать |
speak [spI:k] (spoke, spoken) |
говорить, разговаривать |
special ['spe∫әl] |
специальный, особый |
specialist ['spe∫әlIst] |
специалист |
species ['spI:∫I:z] |
класс, род, тип; вид; разновидность |
spring [sprIη] |
весна |
stand [stænd] (stood) |
стоять |
state [steIt] |
государство |
station ['steI∫әn] |
станция, вокзал |
street [strI:t] |
улица |
student [stju:dәnt] |
студент |
study ['stAdI] |
учить(ся) |
summer ['sAmә] |
лето |
sunlight ['sAnlaIt] |
солнечный свет |
supply [sә'plaI] |
снабжение, поставка; снабжать |
T
table [teIbl] |
стол |
take [teIk] (took, taken) |
брать |
teacher [tI:t∫ә] |
учитель, преподаватель |
telephone ['telIfoun] |
звонить |
tell [tel] (told) |
сказать, говорить, рассказать |
text [tekst] |
текст |
textbook ['tekstbuk] |
учебник |
that [ðæt] |
что |
that [ðæt] |
тот, та, то |
their [ðεә] |
их |
them [ðem] |
им, их |
then [ðen] |
тогда; затем , потом |
there [ðεә] |
там; туда |
these [ðI:z] |
эти |
they [ðeI] |
они |
third [θә:d] |
третий |
this [ðIs] |
этот, эта, это |
those [ðouz] |
те |
thousand [θauzәnd] |
тысяча |
three [θrI:] |
три |
time [taIm] |
время, раз |
in time |
во время |
today [tә'deI] |
сегодня |
tomorrow [tә'mOrou] |
завтра |
too [tu:] |
тоже ,также |
train [treIn] |
обучать, воспитать |
translate [trәns'leIt] |
переводить |
tree [trI:] |
дерево |
two [tu:] |
два |
U
University ["ju:nI'vә:sItI] |
Университет |
us [As] |
нас, нам |
use [ju:z] |
пользоваться; применять |
useful [ju:sful] |
полезный |
usually ['ju:ZuәlI] |
обычно; обыкновенно |
V
variety [vә'raIәtI] |
разнообразие; множество, ряд; разновидность, сорт |
very ['verI] |
очень |
village ['vIlIdZ] |
деревня |
visit ['vIzIt] |
посещать, навещать |
W
wait [weIt] |
ждать, ожидать |
walk [wO:k] |
гулять, ходить пешком |
want [wOnt] |
хотеть, желать |
water ['wOtә] |
вода |
watch [wOt∫] |
наблюдать (to watch TV – смотреть телевизор) |
way [weI] |
путь, способ |
we [wI:] |
мы |
week [wI:k] |
неделя |
well [wel] |
хорошо |
well-off |
зажиточный |
what [wOt] |
что, какой |
what is your name? |
как вас зовут, как ваша фамилия |
when [wen] |
когда |
where [wεә] |
где, куда |
which [wIt∫] |
который |
while [waIl] |
в то время, как |
who [hu:] |
кто |
whom [hu:m] |
кого, кому |
whose [hu:z] |
чей, чья, чье, чьи |
why [waI] |
почему |
wife [waIf] |
жена |
winter ['wIntә] |
зима |
with [wIð] |
с |
without [wI'ðaut] |
без |
world [wә:ld] |
мир |
work [wә:k] |
работа; работать |
worker [wә:kә] |
рабочий |
write [raIt] (wrote, written) |
писать |
Y
year [jә:] |
год |
yes [jes] |
да |
yesterday ['jestәdI] |
вчера |
you [ju:] |
ты, вы |
young [jAη] |
молодой |
younger ['jAηә] |
младший |
your [jO:] |
ваш, твой |
Z
zone [zoun] |
зона, пояс; полоса |