Unit 3 must

FORMAL RULES
We use mustin formal rules, in warnings.	Children must attend school between the ages of 5 and 16. Діти повинні ходити до школи у віці від п’яти до шістнадцяти років. You mustn’t take photographs in here. It’s forbidden. Тут у приміщенні не можна фотографувати. Це заборонено.
OBLIGATION FROM ‘INSIDE’
We use must to impose an obligation on oneself.	I must dash. I’ve got to be at home by 7 pm.Мені вже треба бігти. Я повинен бути вдома до сьомої години. We must stop these rumours; the firm’s reputation is at risk. Ми повинні припинити розповсюдження цих чуток, оскільки репутація фірми під загрозою.
ORDER
We use must to impose an obligation on others. We use mustnot for prohibition.	All assignments must be given in to your teacher by Friday. Усі завдання повинні бути здані вчителю до п’ятниці. The general commanded, ‘You must seize that fortress until sunset.’ Генерал скомандував: «Ви повинні взяти фортецю до заходу сонця». You must not go out without your parents’ consent. Вам заборонено виходити з дому без згоди батьків.
STRONG ADVICE
We use must togive somebody strong advice.	You must come and see my new dress. Ти обов’язково маєш прийти та подивитись на мою нову сукню. You mustn’t let her know I’m coming.Не кажи їй, що я збираюсь приїхати.
PROBABILITY
Must + simple infinitive is used to express a strong probability about the present. Must + continuous infinitive is used to express a strong probability about something happening at the time of speaking. Must + continuous infinitive (simple infinitive)is used to express a strong probability about the future. Must + perfect infinitive is used to express a strong probability about the past. NB We don’t use must in this meaning in negative and interrogative sentences.	Sophia drives a Ferrari. She must be very wealthy. Софія їздить на Феррарі. Напевно, вона дуже заможна. Where is Simon?’ ‘He must be sleeping.’ «Де Саймон?» «Напевно, він спить». ‘Everyone’s going into the hall.’ ‘The meeting must be starting/must start soon. Let’sgo.’ «Всі йдуть до зали». «Зібрання, напевно, має скоро розпочатися. Пішли». I think I must have caught this cold from you. Напевно, це я від тебе підхопила застуду. ‘Who can that be at this part of the nignt?’ ‘It can only be Steve. He is the only one with the key.’ «Хтоцеможебутиутакийпізній час?» «Це може бути тільки Стів. Тільки у нього є ключі». This can’t be the right road. Не може бути, щоб це була та дорога. It couldn’t be true. Це не може бути правдою.

Exercise 1. Translate into Ukrainian and comment on the words in bold type.

1. I must go to the bank and get some money. 2. All schools must follow the prescribed curriculum.3. We must get together soon for lunch and discuss the current matters.4. You must not turn the power on until the mechanic comes and looks at the equipment. 5. I must have slept in an awkward position – I’m aching all over. 6. You must blow up this bridge when you see the tanks approaching. 7. She must love him or she wouldn’t have stayed with him all these years. 8. Dogs must be kept on a lead at all times.9. Sam must be tired – he’s been dancing all night! 10. You must parachute when the plane reaches 2,000 meters. 11. You mustn’t show this letter to anyone else. 12. The bottle must have leaked because the bag’s all wet. 13. By law, seatbelts must be worn by all passengers.14. The thieves must have disabled the alarm system because nobody heard anything in the night. 15. Your calculations must be wrong. 16. I must get some sleep. I’m very tired.17. Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.18. I must answer his letter immediately. 19. If you hear the fire alarm, you must leave the building immediately. 20. If the pain persists, you must see a doctor. 21. It must be hard to study with all this noise. 22. You mustn’t let yourself get depressed. 23. I guessed from her accent that she must be French. 24. Let’s hurry up. They must be waiting for us. 25. You must learn to accept criticism.

Exercise 2. Put the following sentences in context.

Example: I must have eaten something sour in the café yesterday.

• What’s going on? You look unwell.

• I must have eaten something sour in the café yesterday.

• Really? But we ate the same food. How come my stomach is fine?

1. Cars must not park in front of the entrance. 2.I must go – I have a train to catch.3. We must have walked ten miles today.4. You must pay £300 as compensation. 5.You simply must read this book.6. I must get my hair cut. 7. You must forgive her – she’s not herself at present.8. She never gets any exercise – she must be really unfit.9.You must act quickly and decisively to stop the spread of the disease.10. Applications must be in by 28th February. 11. There must have been eighteen to twenty thousand people at the concert.12. I’m sorry, I must have dropped off to sleep for a moment.13. I must have left my jacket someplace. 14. By law you must be eighteen to purchase alcohol. 15. Did I say $100? It must have been a slip of the tongue.16. You must go to the doctor if you’re coughing.17. Dangerous dogs must be muzzled in public places. 18.I must be getting old.19. I must brush up on my Spanish before I go to Seville.20. We must have taken the wrong turning in the dark.21. I must have my eyes tested. 22. You mustn’t believe him! 23. There’s no-one called Julia here. You must have thewrong number.24. Children aged 12 and over must pay full fare. 25. There must be some mistake with the bill.

Exercise 3. Translate into English and commenton the modal verbs.

1. Напевно, ти повністю(absolutely) виснажений. 2. Усіх собак треба тримати на повідку (tokeeponalead). 3. Ми маємо бути там до шостої, інакше (or else) ми пропустимо початок. 4. На цій фотографії вона виглядає зовсім іншою. Напевно, вона зробила операцію на носі (tohaveanosejob). 5. Ти повинен викинути (tothrow smthout) деякі свої старі речі. 6. Пілот повинен мати ідеальний зір (to have twenty-twenty vision).7. Суд постановив (torule), що дія контракту повинна бути зупинена (tobeterminated). 8. Це тільки (strictly) між нами. Більше ніхто не має знати про це. 9. Ваш дохід (income) повинен бути задекларований (be declared). 10. Мені треба відпочити. 11. Вранці вона,напевно, годинами накладає макіяж (takesbagestodosmth). 12. Я повинна передзвонити Майклу (to return one’s call). 13. Захисний одяг (protectiveclothing) треба носити, коли апарат працює (tobeinoperation). 14. Мені треба полагодити велосипед. 15. Пасажири повинні пристебнути (tofasten) ремені перед посадкою літака (priortodescent). 16. Рахунок треба сплатити впродовж(within) десяти днів. 17. У контракті йшлося (tolaydown), щоробота має бути закінчена до 2025. 18. Мій гаманець має бути десь тут (to be somewhere around here).19. Напевно, це правда. Я чув про це учора в новинах. 20. Ви повинні відкинути гордість (toputasideone’spride) та перепросити у нього (toapologisetosb). 21. Я не можу знайти свої ключі. Вони точно випали (tofalloutof) з кишені. 22. «Звідки може доноситись цей шум? » «Напевно, у наших сусідів навпроти (fromnextdoor) вечірка (tohaveaparty)». 23. Ти повинен перестати жити минулим (toliveinthepast). 24. Напевно, сталося якесь непорозуміння (tobesomemisunderstanding). Я не замовляв усі ці книги. 25. Їй точно вже зараз (bynow) трохи за тридцять (tobeinone’searlythirties).

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the modal verbs and comment on their use.

1. Liz, you … (to bring) a note from your parents as you were away from school yesterday. 2. You …(not to say) things like that! 3. Pilots … (to abstain from) alcohol for 24 hours before flying.4. I …(not to be late) or Dad will go up the wall.5. In future, staff … (to wear) identity badges at all times.6. You … (to buy) that jacket – it’s so you!7. I … (to brush up) on my French before I go to Paris. 8. ‘This house … (to be very old),’ he added.9. I can see the light in her window. She … (to prepare) for her tomorrow’s maths exam.10. Under the new law, all new buildings …(to be approved) by the local government. 11. Candidates …(to answer) two questions from each paper. 12. I’ll tell you, but you …(to keep) it secret. 13. All applications …(to be submitted) before 31 January. 14. I …(to remember) to send Carol a birthday card. 15. The house … (to be worth) quite a lot of money now.16. A label … (to be affixed) to all parcels.17. She …(to be popular) judging by the number of letters that she receives. 18. You … (to learn) how to manage your own finances. 19. You’re really brown –you …(to have) good weather. 20. To sum up, for a healthy heart you … (to take) regular exercise and stop smoking.21. I …(to talk) to her about this, I can’t put it off any longer. 22. Your boss … (to think) highly of you if she gives you so much responsibility. 23. All tobacco products … (to carry) a health warning.24. Hi there, you … (to be) Laura. 25. All climbers …(to wear) safety harnesses(страховочне спорядження) and helmets.