§ 12. Adverbial clauses of time.

An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).

In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the conjunction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process.

As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)

Adverbial clauses in sentences of the following type are also clauses of time:

Scarcely had his hands touched her head, when she sighed deeply. (London)

Hardly had they entered the house, when a violent thunderstorm broke out.

No sooner had I wiped one salt drop from my cheek, than another followed.

(Ch. Bronte)

The peculiarity of such sentences is that the conjunctions when and than introducing adverbial clauses of time are correlated with the adverbs scarcely, hardly and no sooner in the principal clause.

N ote 1. — The conjunction when introducing adverbial clauses of time should not be confused with the adverb when introducing subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses.

And people love their homes, even when things are tough. (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

The next thing to discover is when the paint was last seen without that smear. (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)

Nothing told her when the eyes of her friend were for an instant fixed upon her, when the mind of her friend for a moment wondered at the strange, new look in her face. (OBJECT CLAUSE)

There were moments when I felt all the misery of my friendlessness, all the peril of my dreadful responsibility. (ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE)

N ote 2. — Adverbial clauses of time introduced by the subordinating conjunction while should not be confused with independent clauses introduced by the coordinating conjunction while.

There was a pause while he raised his cup and drank some tea. (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME)

His face was disturbed and troubled, while his clothes were disarranged and untidy. (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE)

§ 13. Adverbial clauses of place.

An adverbial clause of place shows the place of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and wherever (где бы ни, куда бы ни).

I looked where she pointed. (Collins)

N o t e. — One should not confuse the conjunction where introducing adverbial clauses of place with the adverb where introducing subject clauses, predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses.

Deronda placed himself where he could see her... (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE)

This must be where my sister lives. This is where she came for a temporary lodging, soon after father’s death. (PREDICATIVE CLAUSE)

Artois wondered where they were going. (OBJECT CLAUSE)

He turned immediately towards the hearth where Silas Marner sat lulling the child. (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE)