§ 14. Adverbial clauses of cause.

An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause of, the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the ground that, for the reason that and some others.

As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass without paying it a visit.

He is suspicious and jealous for fear anyone else might want to share in his power.

§ 15. Adverbial clauses of purpose.

Adverbial clauses of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest (чтобы не) and some others.

She kept her back to the window that he might not see her rising colour.

...he made all these exclamations in a carefully suppressed voice, lest the valet should overhear anything.

§ 16. Adverbial clauses of condition.

Adverbial clauses of condition state the condition which is necessary for the realization of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions if, unless (если не), suppose, in case (в случае если), on condition that, provided (при условии что), etc.

I will do anything you wish, my brother, provided it lies in my power.

Adverbial clauses of condition can be joined to the principal clause asyndetically. In this case we find inversion in the subordinate clause.

...should Frank marry to-morrow, I shall have no ground for blaming him.

Had she been an Englishwoman, Artois would have guessed her to be near fifty.

§ 17. Adverbial clauses of concession (уступка).

An adverbial clause of concession denotes the presence of some obstacle препятствие барьер помеха which nevertheless does not hinder the action expressed in the principal clause.

Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the following conjunctions and connectives: though, although, as,^l no matter how, however, whoever, whatever, whichever. In official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions notwithstanding that, in spite-of the fact that.

¹ The conjunction as introduces adverbial clauses of concession in which the predicative stands first.

I enjoyed that day, though we travelled slowly, though it was cold, though it rained.

Troubled as he was, he never exposed his difficulties to her. (Dreiser)

§18. Adverbial clauses of result.

Adverbial clauses of result denote the result of the action expressed in the principal clause. Very often adverbial clauses of this type have an additional meaning of degree.

Adverbial clauses of pure result are introduced by the conjunction so that; they are usually separated from the principal clause by a comma.

Darkness had fallen and a keen blizzard was blowing, so that the streets were nearly deserted. (Conan Doyle)

Adverbial clauses of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction that; in these cases we find the adverb so or the demonstrative pronoun such in the principal clause. Such clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma.

He is so weak physically that he can hardly move. (Shaw)

Tom was in ecstasies — in such ecstasies that he even controlled his tongue and was silent.