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Змістовий модуль 2: Chemistry. / Хімія.

Вступ до контрольної роботи № 2

Граматичі теми:

2.1Reported speech

2.2 Reported statements and questions

2.3 Reported commands and requests

Reporting speech

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

Statements

Type	Example
direct speech	“I speak English”
reported speech (no backshift)	He says that he speaks English.
reported speech ( backshift)	He said that he spoke English.

When we report a statement, we can say "He said that..." or simply "He said...". Questions

We report yes / no questions with if or whether.

When we report questions with who, what or which + to be + object, the verb be can come before or after the object.

Type			Example
With interrogative	direct speech	“Why don’t you speak English”
	reported speech	He asked me why I didn’t speak English
	direct speech	“Do you speak English?”
	reported speech	He asked me whether/if I spoke English.

Requests

Commands and requests are usually reported using a to-infinitive.

Type	Example
direct speech	“Carol, speak English”
reported speech	He told Carol to speak English

Direct speech: I said to him, ‘Obey your parents.’

Indirect speech: I advised him to obey his parents. OR I advised him that he should obey his parents.

Direct speech: The teacher said to the boys, ‘Work hard.’

Indirect speech: The teacher advised the boys to work hard.

Direct speech: Jim said to me, ‘Lend me your pen, please.’

Indirect speech: Jim requested me to lend him my pen.

To report things people said, we often move 'one tense back'.

Present simple / continuous -> Past simple / continuous

Present perfect -> Past perfect

Past simple -> Past perfect

Will -» Would

Can -> Could

Time expressions often change as well. For example:

This week -> Last week/That week

Today -> Yesterday/That day

However, when we report something that is still true now - or that will happen in the future - we don't have to move 'one tense back'. For example:

'I'm from Greece.

He told me he was from Greece.

OR

He told me he is from Greece.

When we report questions that start with a question word, we don't use do / does / did. The word order becomes subject + verb.

'Where do you live?' -> She asked me where I lived / live.

'How old are you?' -> He asked me how old I was / am.

For yes / no questions that start with do, can, would, etc. add if.

'Can you help me?' -> He asked if I could help him.

'Have you been there?' -> He asked me if I'd been there.

Теми для співбесіди:

1. Chemistry

2. Chemical Analysis