2. Rearrange the following jumbled words to form sentences:

1. human, highest, is, form, the, science, of, activity, mental;

2. land, been, rich, talents, Ukrainian, in, the, always, has;

3. countrymen, the, science, hardly, contribution, our, the, of, into, world, can, exaggerated, be;

4. of, science, for, of, end, the, fruitful, the, century, 19-th, was, development, especially, Ukrainian, the;

5. created, for, societies, scholars, scientific, the, training, proper, devoted, their, atmosphere, to, Motherland;

6. abroad, for, in, many, had, scientists, to, search, go, conditions, work, for, better, their;

7. independent, began, historians, Ukraine, of, scientific, to study, our, of, prominent, heritage, countrymen;

8. to pay, it, time, is, tribute, high, genius, their, to.

3. Read the texts and present their contents in the form of interviews:

Text 1. THE CONTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIAN SCIENTISTS TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET AND SPACE ENGINEERING

Speaking about the development of rocket and space engineering, we usually associate it with the name of Academician Serhiy Koroliov. But let us first recollect the names of his predecessors. First, let us mention Olexander Zasiadko (1779-1838), a descendant* of the glorious Cossack family, who was born in Poltava region. His grandfather used to tell him stories about special pipes stuffed with gun powder, which flew to distant targets and exploded causing great damage. Olexander was so impressed by the stories, that he decided to find out the secret of those Cossack pipes. Two years after his retirement from the army Zasiadko succeeded in developing the first models of combat rockets, as well as a special installation for their launching. During the Russian- Turkish war of 1828-1829 Olexander Zasiadko’s rockets were used in action.

Kostiantyn Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) is said to have been a descendant of the famous Cossack leader Severyn Nalyvaiko. Tsiolkovsky was the author of many impor­tant works in the field of aerodynamics and rocket engineering. Two very important contributions were offered by Tsiolkovsky: the notion of multi-stage rockets and the idea of using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel for rockets.

Serhiy Koroliov not only studied Tsiolkovsky’s works, but also had personal contacts with him, which stimulated his fundamental research into space engineering. Serhiy Koroliov (1907-1966) was born in Zhytomyr. After finishing a vocational school in Odessa, he entered the Mechanical Department of Kyiv Polytechnical Institute, but later transferred to Moscow Higher Technical College. Koroliov developed a number of rockets and rocket-carriers. He was a leading designer of many space systems and trained a lot of scientists and engineers.

Another famous name in this field of science is that of Yuriy Kondratiuk. It was an assumed name of Olexander Sharhei (1897-1942), who tried to avoid repressions for his participation in the anti-Soviet struggle. In his book “The Conquest of Interplanetary Space”, published in 1929, the scientist presented calculations which were used by Americans forty years later for launching their spaceship “Apollo” to the Moon. By the way, two other Ukrainians took part in the implementation** of the “Apollo” flight programme. They were Mykhailo Yarymovych (b. 1933) and Ihor Bohachevsky (bom in 1928 in Lviv region). Yarymovych was appointed technical director for the designing of an orbital laboratory from which a space rocket could be launched to the Moon. And Bohachevsky considerably helped Americans to solve complicated problems connected with astronauts’ return from the Moon to the Earth.

So these facts prove that Ukrainian scientists have done a great deal for space exploration. And our sacred duty is to know the names of our countrymen who enhan­ced the glory of Ukraine in the field of scientific research and technological progress.

• descendant - нащадок,

implementation - здійснення, виконання

Text 2. UKRAINIAN PHYSICISTS

The development of physics, one of the fundamental natural sciences, has always played a vital role in the progress of mankind, Ukrainian physicists having greatly contributed to it. However, in the former USSR the science of Ukraine was not recognized at the world level. It was associated only with Soviet or Russian science. For instance, few people know that Academician Petro Kapitsa (1894-1984) was of Ukrainian origin. The main fields of his scientific research were magnetism, physics of plasma and physics of low temperatures. It was for fundamental research in this latter field, that Petro Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.

Another famous physicist Volodymyr Linnyk (1889-1984) was born in Kharkiv and graduated from Kyiv University. He worked out a number of methods in the field of applied physical optics and designed various devices for observation of astronomical objects.

Dmytro Rozhansky (1882-1936) was born in Kyiv. After graduating from St Petersburg University, he worked in the Electrotechnical Institute under the guidance of Alexander Popov. Later Dmytro Rozhansky founded a special school for radiophysicists in Kharkiv.

Dmytro Rozhansky was one of the first to start the work on the development of radar (a special installation for radio-location).

One should also mention the Patons, father and son, both of them being Presidents of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Yevhen Paton (1870-1953) devoted his works to bridge construction and automation of welding processes. Under his supervision, the technology and apparatuses for automatic assembly welding*** were developed. Borys Paton was born in Kyiv in 1918, and graduated from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. He also worked in the field of electric welding and special electric metallurgy. Following the initiative of Academician Borys Paton, a wide network of experimental enterprises (pilot plants) was established by the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the 1960s in our country. These scientific and technological complexes proved efficient in solving many complicated problems and facilitating the industrial application of scientific inventions and developments.

short-wave transmitter - коротко-хвильовий передавач,

characteristic distinction of propagation - особливості поширення,

assembly welding - монтажне зварювання.

Text 3. O. SMAKIJLA

O. Smakula is a world known Ukrainian scientist. He was born on the 9^th of Sep­tember 1900 in the village of Dobrovody, Zbarazh district, Ternopil region. Still at school, he took great interest in natural sciences and in foreign languages. In 1922 he finished the course of studies in Ternopil gymnasium and left for Germany where he became a student of Gettingen University, a famous scientific centre of that time. Such prominent physicists as V. Heizenberg, N. Bohr and R. Pol worked at the University at that time.

In 1927 O.Smakula obtained the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Working at the Physical Institute in Gettingen, he sent many of his articles to be published in the Pro­ceedings of the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Section of T.Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, thus developing physical science in Ukraine. The end of the 1920s is known to be the period of establishing the fundamental physical theory, quantum mechanics.

O. Smakula actively participated in the seminars organised by V. Heizenberg and M. Born, the founders of quantum mechanics. He was one of the first scientists who used the concepts of quantum mechanics to study the mechanisms of interaction of elec­tromagnetic radiation with solids. In 1930 he published his scientific paper in which concepts and parameters of quantum oscillators were used to describe the crystal ra­diation colouring in terms of qualitative mathematical relation known as the Smakula formula. This formula is known all over the world over and it is referred to in all textbooks and monographs.

From 1930 till 1934 O. Smakula headed the Optical Laboratory of the research in­stitute in Heidelberg, working on the problems of optics and crystal spectroscopy. In 1951 O. Smakula was invited to the USA and offered a professorship at Massathusets Technological Institute where he organized and headed the laboratory of crystal physics in

1964. At the Institute O. Smakula created a powerful scientific school which is famous for its topical research in the field of solid state electronics. He carried out investigations in technology and properties of electro-optical materials and optical communication in atmosphere; thin films, secondary electron emission, new non-iinear and semiconductor crystals. Professor Smakula is the author of more than 100 important scientific papers and holder of many patents widely used by scientists in the world.

Text 4.

OUTSTANDING UKRAINIAN ARCHITECTS

Yulian Octavian Zakharievych was a professor of Lviv Technical Academy. He founded his own architectural school, whose representatives further became professors of the Building Department. Among them were Theodor Talyovsky, Ivan Zubrytsky, Oleksandr Biborsky, Tadeush Obminsky and others. Yulian Zakharievych became famous for his designs of such monumental buildings as the main building of Lviv Polytechnic, Halytsky Savings Bank, Industrial Museum etc. Besides the afore mentioned designs, he was the author of different architectural projects in Vilno, Berezhany, Zarichchia and other towns. The first catalogue of the works of art appeared in 1885-1888 on his own initiative.

Theodor Talyovsky (1857-1910) is regarded to have been the master of Neo- Gothic style. Having graduated from Lviv Polytechnic College, he started his architectural practice in Krakiv: designing both dwelling houses and sacred constructions. In 1901 he was appointed professor of Lviv Polytechnic. We can see Th.Talyovsky’s buildings in many places of the former “Kingdoms of Halytchyna and Lodomoriya”. They are shaping the appearance of a number of small towns near Lviv.

Vasvl and Yevhen Nahirny, father and son, were Galician architects. Vasyl Nahirny is considered to have founded a new national style in sacred building. In 1871 he entered Lviv Polytechnic, but later left for Zurich. After graduating from Zurich Polytechnic, he worked in Switzerland for eleven years. Later he returned to Lviv where he designed churches. His works number 200 churches. His son Yevhen (1885- 1951) was a gifted follower of his father. He graduated from Lviv Polytechnic where he was trained by Prof. I. Levynskv. He was the author of 400 various projects, the large majority of which were implemented. After World War II he worked as an inspector- architect and wrote a book dedicated to the architecture of Lviv and Lviv region.

Tadeush Obminsky (1874-1932, Lviv) graduated from the Architectural Department of Lviv Polytechnic College in 1898. Later he worked as a laboratory assistant, a teacher and professor. From that time on he closely collaborated with Ivan Levynsky’s factory, one of the biggest building companies in Halytchyna. His creative technique was based on the synthesis of contemporary building methods and traditions of wooden architecture. As a researcher he introduced the most essential features of the folk art into civil engineering.

Vladyslav Horodetsky (1863-1930) was Polish by birth and Ukrainian by spirit. His name is shrouded in legends. He was born in the village of Sholud’ky in Podillya (now Vinnytsia region). He graduated from St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts (architectural department) in 1890. He was a talented hard-working person. His most famous structures were built in 1889-1902. They are National Art Museum, St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, two buildings of Russian Insurance Among his most Agency in Khreshchatyk (not extand). The peak of his creative activity was the construction of his private house at 10, Bankova Str. (Kyiv), the so-called “The House with Chimeras” which was built in 1903. The building became famous due to the design of the facade and interior which was decorated with the odd sculptures made by his friends Elio and Eugenio Sala. The majority of the sculptures were called into being by the 39-year-old architect’s fantasy. The others were caused by his passion for hunting. The House has become a model of the early modern architecture in Kyiv and the best advertisement for cement application both as building and plastic material for decorating facades. Cement was not popular at that time and it was given gratis for his construction. There was a legend that this fantastic House was built as a sign of grief for his daughter who had drowned. But that is not true: his daughter Helena lived in Kyiv a long and happy life. Among the common legends was the mass-media canard* about the restoration of the House as the presidential residence. In 2000 Vladyslav Horodetsky was nominated the “Architect of the Century” title.

Text 5. MYKHAILO TUHAN-BARANOVSKY

Mykhailo Tuhan-Baranovsky was born on January 8, 1865 in the village of Soliane, in the province of Kharkiv in Ukraine. On graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Kharkiv University (1888), he studied political economy and statistics at the Faculty of Jurisprudence at Kharkiv University, passing the master’s examination, and completed his training as an economist with periods of study in St. Petersburg, Paris (1889), Moscow and London (1S92). His first work “A Study of the Marginal Utility of Economic Goods” (1890),and above all his doctoral dissertation

The Industrial Crises in Industrial England (1894), his masterpiece dedicated to the study of business cycles, gained him the position of assistant professor of political economy in the Faculty of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University (January 1895). However, Tuhan’s active participation in the debates of the Third Section of the Imperial Free Economic Society, of which he became director in 1896, and the editorial writings of the “Legal Marxists” of St. Petersburg led to the suspension of his nomination by the minister of public education until December 1905.

His fundamental work “The Russian Factory, Past and Present” (1898) and the subsequent translation of his major works into German, English, French and Spanish - among them, “The Theoretical Foundations of Marxism” (1905) and “Modern Socialism in its Historical Development” (1906) - made Tuhan “the most eminent” Slav economist of that period, and “the most important figure of international theoretical revisionism”. From 1905 onwards, finally distancing himself from Marxism, Tuhan worked with the daily newspaper of Russian cadets “Rech” and was recalled to the Faculty of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg University as assistant professor. In 1913 he was appointed to the Chair of Political Economy. In spite of the merit of his teaching and scientific research, culminating in his “Foundations of Political Economy” (1909), a new veto by the minister forced him to resign, and from 1913 to 1917, he worked at the Department of Economics of the Imperial Polytechnic Institute in St. Petersburg.

Gradually coming to share the aspirations, ideals and political programmes of the Ukrainian national and cooperative movement - his “Social Foundations of Coope­ration” was published in 1916 - Tuhan left Petrograd for Kyiv in the summer of 1917; in August 1917 he took up the post of the Minister of Finance in the General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Rada, representing the Ukrainian Party of the Socialist Federalists. In 1918 he became Head and organizer of the Ukrainian Academy’s Third (Socio-Economic) Department and of the Institute for the Study of Cycles attached to the Academy. Sent as an economic adviser with the Ukrainian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on January 8. 1919, he died on a train at the railroad station in Oradne between Kyiv and Odesa.

Text 6. ROALD HOFFMANN

Roald Hoffmann was born in 1937 in Zloczow, Poland (now Zolochiv, Ukraine). He immigrated to the United States with his family in 1949. He graduated from Columbia University (1958) and received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1962. He collaborated with Robert B. Woodward at Harvard during the next three years and then joined the Cornell University faculty in 1965.Roald Hoffmann has made numerous contributions in the field of chemistry, most notably in the area of geometrical structure and reactivity of molecules. His con­tributions have earned him numerous honours, including the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry shared with Kenichi Fukui (Japan). Hoffmann and his collaborator, R. B. Woodward, developed the Woodward-Hoffmann rules governing the course of certain chemical reactions based on the electronic structures of the reactants. Hoffmann undertook the research leading to his share of the prize when he and Woodward sought an explanation of the unexpected course taken by a reaction that Woodward and his colleagues had hoped to use in the synthesis of the complicated molecule of vitamin B. Hoffmann and Woodward discovered that many reactions involving the formation or breaking of rings of atoms take courses that depend on an identifiable symmetry in the mathematical descriptions of the molecular orbitals that undergo the most change. Their theory, expressed in a set of statements now called the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, accounts for the failure of certain cyclic compounds to form from apparently appropriate starting materials, though others are readily produced; it also clarifies the geometric arrangement of the atoms in the products formed when the rings in cyclic compounds are broken.

In addition to sharing the Nobel Prize, the American Chemical Society has honoured him with the Priestley Medal, the Arthur C. Cope Award in Organic Chemistry, and the American Chemical Society Award in Inorganic Chemistry. He received also Pimentel Award in Chemical Education, Award in Pure Chemistry, Monsanto Award, National Medal of Science. Hoffmann is currently professor of chemistry at Cornell University, focusing in the area of applied theoretical chemistry.

Roald Hoffmann has been very active in communicating science to non-scientists, and he is also an accomplished poet and writer. He published two scientific-popular books: Chemistry Imagined: Reflections on Science (1993) and The Same and Not the Same (1995). In 1993, Hoffmann hosted a 26-segment television documentary on the Public Broadcasting Service entitled The World of Chemistry.

Roald Hoffmann became a prominent member of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

Unit 21.

Students’ Research Work