Предисловие
Пособие написано в соответствии с учебной программой дисциплины «Английский язык», являющейся дополнительной в подготовке специалистов по направлению «Строительство». Задачей современного профессионального образования является подготовка специалистов, способных осуществлять деятельность в иноязычных условиях. Учебное пособие «Строительство зданий» предназначено для будущих специалистов строительного профиля, изучающих английский язык. Данное пособие рассчитано на тех, кто уже имеет базовую подготовку по английскому языку: знает фонологическую систему, знаком с основными грамматическими категориями, владеет определенным объектом лексических единиц и речевыми моделями, которые позволяют вести общение в ситуациях социально-бытовой сферы.
Целью пособия является развитие иноязычных навыков и умений у специалистов строительного профиля. Основное внимание уделяется формированию иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции у студентов строительных специальностей. Пособие предоставляет возможность на профессионально релевантном материале сформировать у специалиста иноязычную проектно-техническую компетенцию как неотъемлемую составляющую профессионального портрета специалиста строительного профиля.
Пособие рекомендуется использовать на втором году изучения дисциплины «Английский язык» на строительном и иных факультетах, а также на факультете дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации».
Unit 1
Careers
JOS Contractors is taking applications for three skilled positions carpenter electrician and HVAC technician. Applicants must be fully licensed with three years of work experience. We will also consider forming subcontractor partnerships with established businesses. Submit a resume and cover letter to aschmitt@joscontractors.biz
AUK Construction seeks semiskilled roofers, painters, and masons. We will provide training. This is a valuable opportunity to gain on-the-job work experience. However, applicants should have some experience in construction. Send references and work history to btaylor@aukconstruction.com.
TPX Management is hiring unskilled laborers for general work at a construction site. Workers must be able to lift more than 25 kilograms. If interested, please call (643) 555-5648. We are also seeking a foreman to lead this crew. The ideal candidate should have at least two years’ previous supervisory experience. Submit a resume and cover letter to pcalhoun@tpxmgmt.org.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What are some different constructions careers?
What material does a carpenter work with?
Ex. 2 Read the job listings for construction companies. Then, choose the correct answers.
What is a requirement for being hired by JOS Contractors?
A being fully licensed
В being able to lift 25 kilograms
C having an established business
D having previous supervisory experience
Which of the following positions is AUK Construction NOT hiring?
A roofers C painters
В masons D carpenters
What position can a person with no experience apply for?
A painter C foreman
В laborer D subcontractor
Ex. 3 Match the words (1-7) with the definitions (A-G).
1 __ contractor 5 __ laborer
2 __ carpenter 6 __ electrician
3 __ foreman 7 __ mason
4 __ HVAC technician
a person who uses physical strength and abilities to earn money
a person skilled in installing and repairing heating, venting, and air conditioning systems
C. a person who runs a company that is hired to build or repair a budding
D. a person who is trained to wire buildings and repair electrical problems
E. a person who is trained to use wood to create buildings and other structures
F. a person who builds structures with stone or brick
G. the leader of a construction work crew
Ex.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words: roofer, semiskilled, painter, skilled, subcontractor, unskilled.
The contractor hired a(n)_______to install the HVAC system in the building.
An electrician is considered a(n)_____________ professional.
Hire a(n)___________ to paint the exterior walls.
________ workers usually have some training, but are paid less than highly-skilled workers.
The contractor used_________ workers to move some building materials.
Call a(n)___________to fix the damage to the roof.
Ex. 5 Listen and read the job listings for construction companies again. What kind of workers is TPX Management hiring?
Ex. 6 Listen to a conversation between a construction company manager and a job applicant. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
The woman worked at the same company for five years.
The woman was a foreman at an office building construction site.
The man has never been a foreman.
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Manager: It’s my pleasure. Could you tell me about your
previous 1____________?
Applicant: Sure. I’ve actually done a 2___________________ everything. Altogether I have about five years of experience as a foreman.
Manager: I see. And that was for 3_________________?
Applicant: Yes. 4____________, I was a foreman at the site of the new office building on Grand Avenue. AUK Construction build it.
Manager: Ah, I know the one. How many workers did you 5_______ there?
Applicant: I was 6______________ most of the unskilled labourers.
There were about twenty on 7______________________.
Manager: That sounds like a lot to handle. What was your greatest challenge?
Applicant: Just making sure everyone was in right place at the right time. You know, doing their jobs, but also being safe.
Unit 2
Worksite safety
Follow the guidelines below at all times. In the event of an accident, notify a supervisor and call emergency services.
When working on ladders, follow the 4:1 rule. Avoid falls from scaffolds and pump jacks by wearing a safety harness. Pay attention to the platform’s weight limit. Exceeding that limit can cause a collapse.
Ensure proper ventilation when working with toxic chemicals in closed spaces. Read the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) thoroughly and take all recommended precautions.
Know the causes of each class and correct type of extinguishers on hand for Class A and B fires.
Never take water near an electrical ground. Wear rubber-soled boots to protect against electric shock.
Practice good trench safety. Never stack equipment or pile dirt near trench edges.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What equipment allows workers to climb higher on a building?
What is an accident that can happen to a worker when using a ladder?
Ex.2 Read the poster on worksite safety. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
Not following the 4:1 rule can cause a scaffold to collapse.
Different classes of fire need different types of fire extinguishers.
Not wearing rubber-soled boots violates trench safety.
Ex. 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
Toxic pump jack trench safety 4:1 rule Material Safety Data Sheet
According to the _________, you should wash your eyes thoroughly if the chemical gets in your eyes.
Position the ladder according to the _________.
Most deaths occur when the walls cave in, so it is important to follow _________ guidelines.
When he finished installing the windows, Tim lowered the _________ to the ground.
This substance is _________ and will cause illnesses if inhaled.
Ex.4 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
Class/accident
A The_________ A fire occurred when a piece of paper got too close to a stove.
B An employee broke his leg in the _________ at the construction site.
Scaffold/fall
A Avoid a _________ by wearing a safety harness.
B John stood on a _________ that was fifteen feet off the ground.
Ground/ladder
A The _________ was a metal rod installed into the foundation of the building .
B Use a _________ to repair the gutter on the roof.
Closed space/ ventilation
A Keep the window open to ensure proper _________.
B Never use a toxic chemical in a _________.
Ex.5 Listen and read the poster on worksite safety again. Where is proper ventilation very important?
Ex. 6 Listen to a conversation between contractor and employee. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
The woman was injured in a fall.
The woman was on the top step of her ladder.
The woman broke multiple safety rules.
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Employee: You wanted to see me, Mr. Jackson?
Contractor: Yes. I 1_________________ what I just saw. You were standing on the 2 _________________ of your ladder.
Employee: Oh, sorry. It won’t happen again, Mr. Jackson.
Contractor: It’s basic ladder safety. You should never stand on the top step of a ladder. Never. It’s 4_________________to fall.
Employee: I’m sorry. It won’t happen again, Mr. Jackson.
Contractor: Okay. But we still 5 _________________ .You didn’t follow the 6_________________ , either.
Employee: The 4:1 rule?
Contractor: Yes. For every four feet of height, you position your ladder one foot away from the wall.
Employee: Oh, okay. I was about eight feet up. So the ladder should be two feet away from the wall?
Contractor: Exactly. Make sure you follow it next time.
Unit 3
Site investigation
To: Reggie Muldoon May15
From: Jackie Sandburg, JOS Contractors
Mr. Muldoon,
Before we begin construction on your property, we must conduct a thorough site investigation. This letter explains the steps in that process.
First, we will do a complete surface evaluation. This will include a
topographic survey of the surface features. The designers will use data to design appropriate landscape features. We will also know if we need to move soil to make the site level.
Next, a subsurface investigation will be necessary. We need to know what kind of soil the foundation will rest on. A preliminary check showed mostly sand and larger pieces of gravel. However, there may also be weaker silt or clay soils present. We will dig several test pits to obtain a complete soil profile. Some of these will only be a few meters deep. For others we will use a drill rig to dig twenty meters down.
Please let me know if you have any questions.
Regards,
Jackie Sandburg
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What are some different soil types?
What equipment digs deep into the ground?
Ex. 2 Read the letter from a contractor to a landowner. Then, mark statements as true (T) or false (F).
The topographic survey provides data for landscape design.
The preliminary investigation showed silt soil to be present.
The soil profile includes soil from twenty meters the surface.
Ex. 3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ sand 4 _ surface evaluation
2 _clay 5 _ silt
3 _ gravel 6 _ topographic survey
A soil type with particles measuring between 0.002 mm and 0.02 mm in diameter
A soil type with particles measuring between 630 micrometers and 5 mm in diameter
An examination of the top layer of soil at a construction site
A soil type with particles measuring less than 0.002 mm in diameter
A soil type with particles measuring between 5mm and 75 mm in diameter
An examination and description of the surface features of a construction site
Ex. 4 Read the sentence and choose the correct word.
The contractor will need a test pit/surface investigation ten feet deep at this location.
Some soil will have to be moved to make this area sand/level.
Can that test pit/ drill rig make a hole 25 meters deep?
Conduct a subsurface investigation/ topographic survey to determine the foundation requirements.
The drill rig/ soil profile shows a mix of clay and silt in this area.
Ex. 5 Listen and read the letter from a contractor to a landowner again. What does the surface evaluation consist of?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a contractor and an employee. Choose the correct answers.
What was is conversation mainly about?
Why a drill rig is necessary
When clay soil might be dangerous
How to increase the strength of soil
What to do for a subsurface investigation
What will the woman do?
Dig test pits
Arrange a drill rig
Obtain a soil profile
Order stronger soil if needed
Ex. 7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Contractor: Scott, _______________ to start that subsurface investigation tomorrow.
Employee: Okay. What will be involved in that?
Contractor: We need a 2_______________. There’s probably a good mix of soil types there.
Employee: All right. 3_______________ a drill rig?
Contractor: 4_______________. It’s just for a house. Several small test pits should be fine.
Employee: I see. 5_______________ should the test pits go?
Contractor: There or four meters 6_______________.
Employee: Got it. Anything else I should watch out for?
Contractor: Knowing that area, there’s probably some weak clay soil. Let me know if you come across any.
Unit 4
Site Layout
From: Jackie Sandburg
To: Luke Grissorn
Re:
Site Layout Today
Luke,
Today we’ll finish the site layout for the
office building on Lincoln Boulevard.
We’ll need to have a complete site plan
by the end of the day. It should show the
property lines, available utilities, and all
significant changes in elevation.
I know this is your first time leading the
crew. So I’ll just give you a few reminders. Be sure your
crew brings all the necessary equipment. Don’t forget the builder’s level and grade rod. You can’t establish horizontal planes or measure elevation changes without them. There are already bench marks set at the site to help with that. You’ll also need some monuments to stake out the property lines. Last bring several batter boards and at least the building corners. Then run the wire between them to show the wall outlines.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What is a map of a construction site called?
What is some equipment used for site layout?
Ex. 2 Read the email from a contractor to a site manager. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
The grade rod is needed to measure elevation changes.
The team has to set bench marks by the end of the day.
Batter boards and wire mark the property lines.
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ site plan 4 _ utilities
2 _ horizontal 5 _ property line
3 _ batter board 6 _ wire
A set of services required at most buildings, including electricity, natural gas, water, and sewage
Parallel to the plane of the horizon, or flat
A drawing for a building project that shows it’s location, utilities, and property lines
A piece of metal shaped into a thin, even thread
A horizontal board fastened to a post and located at the corners of an excavations to mark the desired level
The legal boundary of a piece of land owned by someone
Ex.4 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
1 run/stake
________ the wire between the batter boards.
Please __________ monuments at the corners of the property.
2 builder’s level/ grade rod
A________ is an optical instrument.
This __________ has a target that corresponds to the instrument’s line of sight.
3 bench mark/monument
The________ shows the elevation here.
There is a __________ here showing the boundary of the property.
Ex.5 Listen and read the email from a contractor to a site manager again. What does to a site manager again. What does the site plan need to show?
Ex. 6 Listen to a conversation between a contractor and site foreman. Choose the correct answers.
What was is conversation mainly about?
Correcting a mistake
Meeting with a client
Planning work for the day
Locating necessary equipment
What task must be completed first?
Setting up batter boards
Stacking the monuments
Checking for elevation changes
Running wire between batter boards
Ex. 7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Contractor: Well, there are several things that need to be done. Let’s 1__________ stacking the monuments.
Foreman: Will do. Should we run wire or string between batter boards 2_________?
Contractor: Oh, no. 3______________.
Foreman: Really? We can’t finish the site plan without them.
Contractor: That’s true. We do need to plant the batter boards and run the wire. But we have to 4___________ other business first.
Foreman: Oh, sorry. What should we 5__________ we stake the monuments?
Contractor: We should 6___________ elevation changes next.
Unit 5
Cranes
Martin&Martin
Need a crane? Look no further than Martin and Martin Cranes. Whether you’re building a multi-story home or a downtown skyscraper, we have you need.
Martin and Martin manufacture a wide variety of cranes suitable for working on any building. We carry the finest and strongest mobile cranes and stationary cranes.
Need to work in multiple parts of a build site? Check out our line of crawler cranes and truck mounted cranes.
For work on taller buildings, our tower cranes are unbeatable. And so is our service. We’ll deliver and set up the crane. We provide the stabilizers and outriggers to secure your work and ensure your safety. All of our cranes are equipped with the highest standard of operator’s cabs. Your operators will enjoy air conditioning and adjustable seats.
And when the work is done, Martin and Martin’s team of professionals perform all disassembly work.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What type of crane is used to work on very tall buildings?
What happens when a crane’s work is completed?
Ex.2 Read the manufacturer’s brochure. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
What is purpose of the passage?
To rate different crane companies
To advertise a construction company
To sell a company’s services and cranes
To compare mobile cranes and tower cranes
What does the company NOT provide?
Stabilizers
Outriggers
Crane operators
Disassembly services
What can you infer about tower cranes?
They have multiple operator cabs
They are smaller than crawler cranes
They can move faster than truck cranes
The cannot be transported in one piece
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F/).
1 _ stabilizer 4 _ truck mounted crane
2 _ outrigger 5 _ crawler crane
3 _ mobile crane 6 _ stationary crane
A mobile crane mounted on a truck
A basic crane on a moveable platform
A bracket that is attached to a crane
A crane mounted on two moveable tracks
A crane that does not move
A mechanical device that helps keep a crane steady
Ex.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
Secure operator’s cab disassembly tower crane
A(n)____________ might be used to build a skyscraper.
The person who controls a crane sits in a(n) _________.
The job is done, so we’ll start ___________ tomorrow.
Double check that equipment and ________ it carefully.
Ex.5 Listen and read the manufacturer’s brochure again. What are the benefits of crawler cranes?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a contractor and employee. Choose the correct answers.
The woman is building a high-rise apartment complex.
The building will have a simple square design.
The man recommends a crawler crane.
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Contractor: Hi, John. I’m a contractor with Olson Construction. I’d 1___________ on selecting a crane.
Employee: I can help you with that. What are you 2__________?
Customer: We’ll, we’re building an apartment complex. But I’m not sure if we need a 3__________.
Employee: I see. It really depends on two things. First, is it a 4_____________?
Contractor: No, definitely not. It’ll only be two stories.
Employee: Okay, 5____________. And secondly, is it a basic design? Like a simple square?
Contractor: No, 6____________. There are a number of sections and offshoots.
Employee: All right, then. From what I’ve heard, you don’t want a tower crane.
Contractor: Oh, no?
Employee: Not with two stories and a complex design. I’d recommended a crawler crane.
Unit 6
Rigging
To prevent personal injury or damage to the load, it is important to inspect all rigging. This should be done before attaching it to a crane. Different kinds of slings are subject to different kinds of damage.
You should inspect the lay of a wire rope for damage. All ropes will break from fatigue over time. Other damage is caused by improper handling. Heavy loads cause strand nicking and individual wire breaks.
A sudden release of tension can result in birdcage of separated wires. If a loop in a slack line is pulled down, the rope could get a kink.
A charred web sling has been exposed to high temperatures and weakened. Cuts or snags are also common. Knots also greatly reduce a sling’s strength. They should be removed if possible.
Chain slings are very strong. However, they are still subject to damage from heavy loading or incorrect use. Links can be stretched, bent, or gouged.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What are some different kinds of crane ridging?
What are some problems that can affect crane ridging?
Ex.2 Read the email from a contractor to a site manager. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
What causes a birdcage in a wire rope?
Normal fatigue
Excessive heat
A release of tension
A pulled loop in a slack line
Which of the following is NOT a concern for web slings?
Cuts
Knots
Burns
Bent links
What kind of damage can occur to chain slings?
Kinks C. Gouged links
Strand nicking D. Snags
Ex.3 Match the words (1-7) with the definitions (A-G).
1 _ fatigue 5 _ birdcage
2 _ kink 6 _ knot
3 _ web sling 7 _ lay
4 _ ridging
The use of slings, ropes and other equipment to move heavy objects with a crane
A device made of nylon or polyester often used to lift objects in place of a wire rope
Permanent distortion of wire strands caused when a loop in a slack rope is pulled down
A looping of string or wire that cannot easy be untangled
Wear on a piece of equipment due to repeated use
A length of rope equal to one spiral of a strand around the core
A permanent separation of wire strands due to a sudden release of tension
Ex.4 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
1 wire/rope
This ____________ has a kink and must be replaced.
What kind of ___________ should be used for this rigging?
2 strand nicking/charred
This web sling was ____________ by the fire.
___________ happens when strands rub against each other.
3 chain sling/link
She will need a ____________ to lift this heavy load.
Be sure to inspect each _____________ for gouging.
Ex. 5 Listen and read the instructions for inspecting rigging again. What kinds of damage you should look for in a web sling?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a construction worker and a manager. Mark the following statements as true(T) or false(F).
_ The web sling can be repaired
_ The man needs to lift an air conditioner
_ The woman recommends using a wire rope
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Worker: I have a web sling here that is 1____________.
Manager: Really? 2____________ with it?
Worker: I don’t know how it happened. It has a pretty bad cut. It’s definitely 3__________________.
Manager: I see. I’m glad you spotted that. Do you have 4______________you could use?
Worker: There are a 5________________. I could go get a new web sling. Or, I could use a wire rope to lift the load instead.
Manager: Hmm. What is the load?
Worker: It’s an air conditioning unit. It’s going 6___________ of the house.
Manager: In that case, you’d better go get another web sling. We wouldn’t want a wire rope to damage the unit.
Worker: Sure thing. I’ll be right back.
Unit 7
Excavation 1
Water seepage
From: Marcus-Adams@AdamsBuillders.com
To: Randy-Walters@waltersconstruction.com
Subject: Water seepage
Dear Randy,
I just wanted to let you know about a delay in construction. We ran into a problem during today’s excavations. While drilling, we encountered a large amount old seepage from groundwater. The water table in this area was unexpectedly high. Before we can proceed, we need to extract the water.
Since this isn’t runoff or standing water, it won’t be possible to let the water collect in a sump. The best way to solve this problem is by lowering the water level with a dewatering system. We will install a series of well-points throughout the area. As the water fills the well-points, we will use a pump to empty them. We will have to lower the water table by several feet.
I expect the process to take a few days. In the meantime our crews will check the other areas of the construction site and make sure that this isn’t a problem anywhere else. If you have any questions, feel free to call me.
Marcus Adams
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What is used to remove water from an area?
How do workers get through areas of hard rock?
Ex.2 Read the email from a contractor to a project manager. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
The worksite was flooded by runoff.
The crew cannot use a sump to solve the problem.
Work cannot continue until the water table is lowered.
Ex.3 Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined text.
We need to survey the area before the process of digging holes into the ground can begin.
_ _ c a _ _ _ _ o _
Allow the liquid to enter the reservoir that collects water before you start to pump it.
_ u _ _
Because we got so much snow last winter, there is a high amount of water flowing from land into rivers and streams this spring.
_ _ n _ f _
We can forcibly remove water from the ground using a pump
_ _ t _ _ c _
The pipes that have been installed in the ground allow water to flow in while keeping sand and rocks out.
_ e _ _ - _ _ i n _ _
Ex.4 Fill in blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
Water table ground water pump drill dewatering system
A ___________ is a good way of lowering the underground water levels
He attempted to __________ a hole in the ground, and hit a massive piece of rock
The ___________ rises and lowers according to environmental conditions, such as the amount of rainfall.
They used a ________ to collect the standing pool of water.
Most of our drinking supply comes from sources of _________ below the earth’s surface.
Ex.5 Listen and read the email from a contractor to a project manager again. How does a dewatering system remove water?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a construction worker and a project manager. Choose the correct answers.
What is the conversation mainly about?
A problem with a sump
Why a new well-point is needed
How to remove water from a site
The success of dewatering system
What will the woman mostly likely do next?
Install a sump
Begin construction
Remove the well-point
Replace the broken equipment
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Manager: 1______________, Rachel ?
Worker: Well, there’s a huge pool of water, where we 2___________ start building.
Manager: That’s 3_____________. Is it standing water? Or do you think
It’s groundwater?
Worker: I’m 4________________. This area around it seems to be dry.
Manager: Okay, well, let’s 5___________ it.
Worker: All right. 6________ let it collect in a sump and then pump it out? Or start installing well-points?
Manager: Dewatering systems take a lot of time. We’d better go with the sump for now.
Unit 8
Excavation 2
The excavation process
After your site is laid out, we will dig and remove earth for the foundation. Many jobs are general excavations that use standard machinery. Others may be special excavations requiring explosives or other equipment.
Please verify that the payline is marked accurately. This way we will only remove what is necessary. We will haul the earth and deposit it where you choose. Please note that soil swell can lead to more earth being hauled from that site. This can lead to additional charges for removal.
We will also talk to you about the best way to protect the dig site. The method selected depends on site conditions and project budget. Laying timber lagging between steel soldier piles is inexpensive and effective. Interlocking sheet piling creates a solid steel wall. If there is, water nearby we may need to construct a concrete slurry wall. A tieback can protect a slopping excavation site while keeping it free of obstructions.
Ex.1Before
you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What is another word for removing earth?
What is one way of protecting the dig site?
Ex.2 Read the email from a construction company about excavation. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
General excavations usually require explosives
Soil swell can increase hauling costs
Timber lagging is used with interlocking sheet piling
Ex.3 Match the words (1-7) with the definitions (A-G).
1 _ dig 5 _ steel soldier piling
2 _ haul 6 _ deposit
3 _ slopping 7 _ concrete slurry
4 _ interlocking sheet piling
Running evenly upward or downward
A method of supporting an earth wall using sheets of steel to form a single wall in the ground
A material used to make protective excavations walls when the earth is very wet
To remove earth from the ground
Sections of steel driven into the ground, used with timber sheeting to protect an excavation
To carry something from one place to another
To place something somewhere after it was moved from it’s original location
Ex.4 Read the sentence and choose the correct word.
The contractor will need to use explosives in this special excavation/ general excavation.
Mark the tieback/ payline correctly so the excavator doesn’t remove more earth than we need.
Run some timber lagging/ concrete slurry between those soldier piles to form a wall.
Soil swell/ Deposit often leads to higher than expected hauling costs
A general excavation/ special excavation is one that can be completed using regular machines.
The subcontractor will use a tieback/ soil swell here to keep the excavation area clear.
Ex.5 Listen and read the website from a construction company about excavation again. What will the site owner to do during the process?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between two construction company managers. Choose the correct answers.
Why will a steel wall not work at the site?
There is not enough room.
The client cannot afford it.
It would not be strong enough
The neighbors will not allow it
What will the man likely do next?
Send a report to the client
Review the excavation plans
Order the materials for a steel wall
Call the neighboring property owners
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Manager 1: Julie, have you looked over the plans for the Dobson property excavation?
Manager 2: Yes, I was just checking them out. What are we going to use to protect and support the site?
Manager 1: That’s what I 1________________ you about. Do you have any ideas?
Manager 2: Well, a steel wall of interlocking 2_____________ would be really strong.
Manager 1: That 3________________. But the fact is, we don’t have enough space for that kind of wall.
Manager 2: Hmm, I suppose you’re right. 4______________ a steel tieback system with a smaller wall inside?
Manager 1: That might be possible. It would give us more 5_____________.
Manager 2: We’ll have to 6______________ from the neighboring property owners. We’ll need to place the ends of the tieback there.
Manager 1: That could be a problem. I’ll go give them a call.
Manager 2: Sounds good. Let me know how it goes.
Unit 9
Foundations 1
Century home builders
The best homes last for generations. It all starts with the foundation. Century Home Builders is known for its sturdy residential structures.
CHB specializes in shallow foundations, including:
Monolithic foundations
In some areas, a monolithic foundation is the most stable option. The floor slab and the foundation are poured all at once. The foundation extends deeper below load bearing walls to support the building load.
Spread foundations
Century Home Builders provides spread foundations with stem walls. A wide footing is placed two feet below these walls. The stem walls above grade to protect structural walls from ground moisture and insects.
Foundation piers with grade beams
If you live on the coast, you’re probably concerned about flooding. In that case, you’d want our foundation pier with grade beams. The grade beams support the load bearing walls, but also provide a crawl space below the house. When a flood occurs, it won’t fill your first floor!
All CHB homes have our guarantee – they won’t shift, crack or settle when the ground freezes and thaws. CHB constructions are built to last!
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What is the bottom level of a building?
What is one condition caused by weather that could affect a foundation?
Ex.2 Read the website of a home-building company. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
A monolithic foundation is created in several stages
Stern walls rest on foundation piers
Temperature changes in soil can potentially damage a foundation.
Ex.3 Match the words (1-9) with the definitions (A-I).
1 _ footing 6 _ spread foundation
2 _ freeze 7 _ shallow foundation
3 _ pier 8 _ grade beam
4 _ residential 9 _ stern wall
5 _ monolithic foundation
A foundation that distributes the weight from walls and columns over an area
A concrete post that sits on piers and supports load bearing walls
Sections of concrete that lie below the foundation
A foundation poured with a floor slab and with deeper parts below load bearing walls
A concrete post formed by pouring concrete into a drilled hole
A structure that rises above grade to which structural walls attach
Made up of many homes
to become ice due to cold conditions
a foundation that is constructed close to the surface
Ex.4 Read the sentence and choose the correct word.
These beams are not strong enough to support the building load/fooling of the house
The building load/ foundation of the house cracked during the earthquake.
A shallow foundation/ grade beam will not work for a high-rise building. It must go further into the ground.
The structure’s foundation began to sink in the spring when all the ice thawed/froze.
Ex.5 Listen and read the website of a home-building company again. What are some advantages of a foundation pier with grade beams?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a potential customer and a contractor. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
What is the conversation mainly about?
How to install a foundation
The pros and cons of different foundations
Why the man cannot use a certain foundation
The cause of damage to the man’s foundation
What does the man like about monolithic foundations?
The price of installation
The speed of installation
The option for a crawl space
The protection from flooding
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Customer: Thanks for meeting with me again, Ms. Hendricks.
Contractor: My pleasure. Now, have you thought about your foundation options?
Customer: Well, I liked the monolithic foundation because it’s 1_________.
Contactor: It is the least expensive. It’s also the 2______________ too. But there is a problem.
Customer: Really? What’s that?
Contactor: This area 3_____________ flood every few years. A monolithic foundation doesn’t protect you from that.
Customer: So what would you recommended?
Contactor: Foundation piers with grade beams are 4_____________. It lifts the house up a bit with a crawl space.
Customer: I see. Are there any 5__________ with that type?
Contactor: A few. It 6_____________ to install because we have to drill.
Unit
10
Foundations 2
Foundations and Piles
Foundations are one of the most essential parts of any building. Builders can use several different types of foundations and piles. The right kind depends on the design of the building and the type of soil.
For very heavy loads, it is best to put in a deep foundation. A drilled foundation with cast-in-place piles or a driven foundation with bearing piles is often a good choice. Workers use a pile driver to drive the piles into the ground. These deep foundations are suitable when bedrock can be reached. Caissons may also further support piles in a deep foundation.
If the soil contains more clay, then a friction pile or friction plus bearing pile is the best choice. However, horizontal pressure calls for another type of pile. For example, to hold up earth embankments, sheet piles are ideal.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What machine puts piles into the ground?
What is one structure used with piles to support a foundation?
Ex.2 Read the textbook entry. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
Choosing a foundation depends on the type of soil.
Driven foundations cannot be used down to bedrock
A bearing pile is best for soil with a lot of clay.
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ cast-in-place piles 4 _ caissons
2 _ drilled foundation 5 _ friction pile
3 _ driven foundation 6 _ bearing pile
A box that is filled with a concrete.
A type of deep foundation in which piles are pushed into the ground
A type of deep foundation formed by creating holes in the ground
A pile that depends on frictional resistance between itself and the material it passes through.
A pile with a large load capacity that transfers the weight of load vertically.
A pile formed by pouring concrete into a drilled hole
Ex.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank.
Piles pile driver deep foundations friction plus bearing pile sheet piles
A ___________ is used to place piles in the ground.
A ___________ goes all the way to bedrock.
Use ____________ to hold up the embankment.
Jim ordered some concrete __________ for the new job.
A ___________ should be used in soil with a lot of clay.
Ex.5 Listen and read the textbook entry again. What types of foundations use piles?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a teacher and a student. Choose the correct answers.
What does the woman ask about the man to do?
Explain how to use pile drivers
Compare the size of pile types
Clarify the purposes of different piles
Review the types of deep foundations
What does the man compare to a pile driver?
a drill
a hammer
a pipe
a nail
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Student: Mr. Olson? Last week in class you taught us about 1_______ _______of foundations. Could I ask you a few questions?
Teacher: Of course, Lily. 2_________ _________.
Student: Well, you talked about deep foundations. I was a 3________ _______ about different types.
Teacher: Okay. So, a 4_______ _______ is where deep holes are drilled into the ground. Then 5________ ________ are put in the holes.
Student: Wait, I thought that was a driven foundation. What’s the difference?
Teacher: A 6________ _________ is a deep foundation, too. Piles are driven directly into the ground with a pile driver.
Unit 11
Formwork 1
At PXT Formwork we specialize in the production of high-quality prefabricated molds.
These molds have steel or aluminum frames. The side facing the concrete is covered with the desired surface material. This maybe steel or plywood. This type of formwork system is quick and easy to set up. The units are lightweight and easy to transport.
Prefabricated, temporary formwork molds are also easy to strip after the consolidation process. This occurs only after the concrete has cured. The beams are left behind until the structure has achieved its design strength. The concrete walls formed by these molds are capable of supporting any building’s framing. The module frames can be reused thousands of times. You’ll appreciate the time and money you save!
Our staff would be happy to provide a free consultation about your project’s formwork needs. Contact us at service@pxtformwork.com to learn more about our products.
Ex. 1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What kind of formwork is pre-made before arriving at a site?
What part of building’s structure are walls attached to?
Ex.2 Read the advertisement for a formwork manufacturer. Then, mark the statements true (T) or false (F).
The molds have frames made or plywood.
The formwork is difficult to strip.
The frames can be used many times.
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions ( A-F)
1 _ consolidation 4 _ framing
2 _ design strength 5 _ reuse
3 _ formwork 6 _ cure
To use something again
Mold into which concrete or another material is poured to form a building structure
To dry until solid
The process of concrete becoming solid and denser, thereby taking up less space
The assumed load-bearing capacity of steel or concrete
The use of structural pieces to support a building and provide places to attach exterior and interior walls
Ex.4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank.
Temporary lightweight mold strip prefabricated
Plastic formwork panels are ________, so even one person can lift them.
___________ formwork systems arrive already in the necessary shapes.
___________ formwork is only used for short periods of time.
The contractor will ___________ this formwork after the concrete is dry.
Pour concrete into a __________ to shape it correctly.
Ex.5 Listen and read the advertisement for a formwork manufacturer again. What are benefits of the company’s temporary prefabricated molds?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a project manager and a coworker. Choose the correct answers.
What is the current status of the building project?
Workers are pouring the concrete
Workers are putting up the formwork
They are waiting for the concrete to cure
They are transporting the formwork to the site
What will the woman likely do next?
Drive to the job
Order more PXT molds
Take the formwork to the site
Remove the molds from the walls
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Coworker: Oh, yeah, I was wondering about that How’s it going?
Manager: Really well, actually. We’re using a new kind of concrete form.
Coworker: The new PXT model? How’s that 1______________?
Manager: It’s great. The modules are 2_____________. That makes them easy to set up and transport.
Coworker: That’s good 3____________ on the project?
Manager: We’ve poured the concrete. We 4_______ _______ for it to cure before taking the formwork down.
Coworker: Of course. Those frames can be 5_________ right?
Manager: Yes. With proper handling, the frames will 6 ___________.
Coworker: Excellent. Keep me updated on the progress.
Unit 12
Formwork 2
Wood Formwork
Several kinds of formwork are used in the construction industry today. The use of modular systems, permanent insulated formwork, and stay-in-place formwork is on the rise. However, the most common and affordable system remains wood formwork. Wooden formwork is made of timber and plywood. It is assembled at the building site. Wood can be used to make both wall forms and footing forms. Footing forms produce concrete columns and walls to serve as structure bases.
There are five essential parts to a wooden wall form. Sheathing lines the inside of the form to shape and hold the concrete. Vertical studs make a framework and support the sheathing. Horizontal wales serve to align the form and keep the studs in place. Braces help to keep the form standing up. Last, tie-spreader units maintain the correct spacing of the form. This basic structures has helped to erect buildings around the world.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What material is formwork commonly made from?
What part of a wooden formwork keeps it standing?
Ex.2 Read the article on wood formwork. Choose the correct answers.
What material is formwork is used most often?
Wooden formwork
Modular formwork
Stay-in-place formwork
Permanent insulated formwork
Which of the followings is NOT part of a wall form?
Braces C. tie-spreader unit
Sheathing D. concrete column
What do wales do in a wall form?
Hold the concrete
Make the framework
Maintain form spacing
Keep the studs in position
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ sheathing 4 _ tie-spreader unit
2 _ line 5 _ stay-in-place
3 _ wale 6 _ footing form
A horizontal piece of lumber used to support or retain earth
A device that holds the sides of a wall format the correct spacing
Made from prefabricated plastic forms that remain after the concrete has occurred
A tube used to pour a concrete base column for a building structure
Something that wraps around or surrounds something else
To cover the bottom or sides of something with a thin material
Ex. 4 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
brace/ stud
Get a __________ to support this wall before it falls over.
The crew needs another __________ to complete this wall from
wall form/ plywood
This ________ is missing a brace.
Usually, wooden formwork is made from ______________
modular system/ permanent insulated formwork
This __________ will remain in place to give the structure added strength.
The contractor used a __________ made of aluminum sheets.
Ex. 5 Listen and read the article on wood formwork again. What are the parts of a wooden wall from?
Ex. 6 Listen to a conversation between two construction workers. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
The woman has not set up a plywood wall form before
Braces are attached before wales
The sheathing is attached after tie-spreader units
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Worker 2: Okay. Could you 1 _______ _______ that process for me? It’s my first time doing it.
Worker 1: Sure. First, we’ll 2_______ _______ some studs with sheathing all along the wall form.
Worker 2: Okay. That gives us the basic shape. 3 ____________?
Worker 1: We’ll put wales 4 ____________ to support them.
Worker 2: Wait a minute. Is that 5______________ we attach braces?
Worker 1: Before. The braces attach to the wales, so the wales have to 6 ________________.
Worker 2: I see. And then we’ll pour the concrete?
Worker 1: Only after we’ve put in some tie-spreader units. That will keep the spacing right.
Worker 2: I got it. It’s not too complicated. I think I’m ready.
Unit 13
Floor Plans
Floor Plans
What
is a floor plan?
A floor plan is a detailed diagram of your proposal building layout. It describes the type of building as well as all major features. It is typically shown from a bird’s eye view. Every building project must submit a floor piece.
What must be included in a floor plan?
Every floor plan must specify the dimensions of the building and all interior rooms. The function of even room should be labeled. The placement of all fixture such as for plumbing and lighting, must be markable. Spaces for a large appliances, such as refrigerators are typically labeled as well. However, these labels are required. Last, indicate nearby streets and utility access.
When do I submit a floor plan?
Submit a copy of your floor plan when your architect finalizes the design. The floor plan must be approved before you can begin excavation.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What is detailed diagram of the inside of a building called?
Taps and sockets are examples of what?
Ex.2 Read the government website about building permits. Then, choose the correct answers.
What is the purpose of the website?
To demonstrate the layout of a floor plan
To explain requirements for floor plans
To help contractors submit floor plans
To describe the floor plan approval process
Which of the following does NOT have be included in a floor plan?
The dimensions of the building
The placement of fixtures
The function of every room
The labels for appliance spaces
When should people submit a floor plan?
Once they begin excavation
When the construction is finished
When the architect completes the design
After they have a first draft of the plan
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ fixture 4 _ building layout
2 _ interior 5 _ indicate
3 _ specify 6 _ bird’s- eye view
The inside part of a building or another structure
Showing a view from above
A diagram drawn to scale showing the detailed features of an entire building
A part of a building that is fixed in place and permanent
To point something out or make it known
To state or mark something clearly or in detail
Ex. 4 Read the sentence pair. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
floor plan/ function
The ______________ of this fixture is not marked.
He needs to see the ___________ of that office again.
dimensions/ placement
The ___________ of this room are not marked on the diagram
Without the ____________ of fixtures on the floor plan, we won’t know where to install them.
diagram/ appliance
This __________ is from a bird’s-eye view.
It is not clear what kind of _______ this is in the kitchen.
Ex. 5 Listen again to a conversation between the government website about building permits again. What are some features that should be included in a floor plan submission?
Ex. 6 Listen to a conversation between an architect and a contractor. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
The woman calls about an error in the floor plan.
The floor plan is for a new office building.
The floor plan should not include appliance positions.
Ex. 7 Listen again and complete the conversation.
Contractor: I wanted to talk about the floor plan for the office we’re building.
Architect: I received your email earlier. We’re just starting to 1_________ the floor plan.
Contractor: That’s great. Do you need any more 2____________?
Architect: 3______ more about the purpose of the office?
Contractor: It’s a pretty standard 4______________. It’ll nave a large room for desks and some offices along the walls.
Architect: I see. 5_______ desks should fit in the large room?
Contractor: The client wants 6 ________ for fifteen.
Architect: Okay. Should standard bathroom and break room fixtures be included?
Contractor: Yes. There should be room for a full-size refrigerator in the break room.
Unit
14
Floors 1
From: jim.martin@martinconstruction.com
To: bob.peterson@martincostruction.com
Re: platform-framing project
Mr. Peterson,
I’d like to discuss the platform framing project. Your last email mentioned that you are waiting for joists and beams to be delivered. When they arrive, go ahead and build the support for the floor. As a reminder, the beams need to be exactly six meters long. The joists should be placed apart and parallel to each other to span the floor. Before you get started, please ensure that the mudsills and joists connections are in place and attached firmly. As we discussed, the wood used in this project should be hem-fir or spruce. These woods are a lot less expensive than oak. Also, ensure that the metal components of the trusses are approximately 20cm in length. Once you’ve got the supports in place, go ahead and put in the subfloor. This will works as our diaphragm.
That’s all for now. - Jim Martin
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What part of a frame provides support?
What is the name for a triangular structural frame?
Ex.2 Read the email. Then choose the correct answers.
What is the purpose of the email?
To discuss the details of a project
To describe the mistakes on a project
To order some hem-fir wood beams
To give instructions about a subfloor
What information is NOT provided?
The length of the beams
The type of wood to use
The time of beam delivery
The span of the joists
What will happen after the beams arrive?
The subfloor will be replaced
The joist connections will be attached
The trusses will be measured
The support will be built
Ex.3 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-F).
1 _ subfloor 5 _ mudsill
2 _ support 6 _ truss
3 _ diaphragm 7 _ joist connection
4 _ joist
A small piece of wood that connects the joists
A piece of wood attached to a foundation that forms the base of a frame
Long structural frame made up of triangular shapes
A structural plane designed to resist lateral force
A series of wood beams that holds up a floor
A layer of wood beneath the actual floor
A piece of wood that spans the distance between beams
Ex. 4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank.
Span beam floor parallel
Use strong wood to __________ that gap
The walls are ___________ to one another.
A __________ supports all people and furniture an a building
Don’t use a _____________ that has cracks or is bent.
Ex.5 Listen and read the email again. What are some types of wood that will be used in this floor?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between an employee and a supervisor. Choose the correct answers.
What problem do the speakers discuss?
The floor collapsed
The subfloor is too thin
The joist connections broke
The beams and joists are too small
What does the man suggest?
Returning the old parts
Building a new support
Putting in a thicker subfloor
Ordering new beams
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation
Supervisor: Well, the joists and beams were 1_____________. They’re 2__________ for that project. We’re going to have redo all of them.
Employee: Isn’t there something else we can do? Like 3 ______ _______ thicker subfloor?
Supervisor: No, it’s too dangerous. The smaller beams can’t 4__________________. We have to replace them.
Employee: That will be really expensive. We’ll have to order brand new
5_____________________.
Supervisor: I know, but it’s a safety issue. The floor could collapse. So we 6__________________________ it.
Unit 15
Floors 2
Concrete floors
Concrete floors are common in both single story buildings and high-rises. There are several different methods of arranging the structural slabs and support. It is important to be familiar with all types. A standard beam-and-slab floor has concrete slabs supported by concrete beams. Beyond this designs become more complex. A one - way solid slab floor has load-bearing steel running in the direction of the span. However, a two-way solid slab floor has load-bearing steel running in two directions. These are supported by concrete columns.
Concrete drop panels are located in between the columns and the floor. A similar floor without drop panels is called a two-way flat plate slab floor. These are well-suited for above grade floors. Last, a one-way joist slab has a series of horizontal beams that contain reinforcing steel. These may be located at construction joints.
T
here
are additional ways to reinforce a concrete floor.
Running tendons through concrete, and then tightening and anchoring
them after curing creates a strong post-tensioned floor. Also, a
cross-braced floor, with diagonally intersecting supports has
increased lateral stability.
Ex.1 Before you read the passage, talk about these questions.
What are some structural supports for concrete floors?
What is another name for a skyscraper?
Ex.2 Read the textbook entry about concrete floors. Then, mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).
Load-bearing steel runs in the direction of the span in a one-way solid slab floor.
Drop panels are located in between concrete columns and a concrete floor.
Cross-braced floors are post-tensioned for added strength.
Ex.3 Match the words(1-9) with the definitions (A-1).
_ two way solid slab 6. _ span
_ one-way solid mass 7. _ drop panel
_ construction joint 8. _ post-tensioned
_ one-way joist slab 9. _ cross-braced
_ two-way flat plate slab
A concrete surface where the laying of concrete was stopped and later continued
Concrete with tension added to it so that if can reach over a longer distance
A structural slab with load-bearing steel running in the direction of the span and steel that controls cracking running perpendicular to the span
The extent of a structure between supports
A structural system that has a series of horizontal concrete beams containing reinforcing steel.
A thickened section of a concrete floor located over a supporting concrete column
Reinforced by diagonally intersecting supports
A structural slab that has load-bearing steel running in two directions
A structural slab similar to a two-way solid slab except that it does not have drop panels
Ex.4 Read the sentence pairs. Choose where the words best fit the blanks.
concrete floor/lateral stability
This building is cross-braced for increased _______________.
The ___________ of this building is reinforced by steel beams.
high rise/above grade
This ___________ building is over forty stories tall.
The contractor is installing floor _________ rather than underground.
tendon/beam-and-slab
A strong _________ has been added to this concrete to give it tension.
This __________ floor is a very common design.
Ex. 5 Listen and read the textbook entry about concrete floors again. What are two ways to reinforce a concrete floor?
Ex.6 Listen to a conversation between a contractor and an employee. Choose the correct answers.
What is the conversation mainly about?
The concrete floor for a new project
The need for a stronger concrete floor
Why a concrete floor is cracking
How to install drop panels from concrete floors
What is the benefit of a two-way flat plate slab floor?
It saves space
It is less expensive
It is faster to install
It is stronger than other floors
Ex.7 Listen again and complete the conversation
Contractor: We’re installing a concrete floor for the new 1_______ _______on Grant Avenue.
Employee: 2_____________! It sounds like a big project.
Contractor: It is. I wanted to tell you about the 3_________________ we’ll be putting in.
Employee: I see. What’s so special about it?
Contractor: It’s called a two-way 4_________________ floor.
Employee: Hmm. I don’t know 5___________________ exactly.
Contractor: Well, it’s supported by 6_________________. But you don’t have to put drop panels between the columns and the floor.
Employee: That’s interesting. Sounds like that could save some space
in a high-rise.