- •Министерство образования науки Российской Федерации Волгоградский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет
- •Волгоград 2016
- •Оглавление
- •Предисловие
- •Additional material
- •Higher Education in Great Britain
- •Education in the Russian Federation
- •Higher Education in the usa
- •Talking about the people in your family
- •Types of family
- •Expressions with family
- •Describing family relationships
- •Pancho: We mainly sell food, like bread, eggs, soft drinks, rice, sugar, and cookies. Things that people buy every day.
- •Colouring
- •Describing hair
- •Being tactful when you're describing people
- •Dialogue2
- •Dialogue 6 Haven’t we met before?
- •Dialogue 7
- •Dialogue 8 Career Search
- •Dialogue 10 Student Credit Card
- •Talking about your daily routines
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Like doing vs like to do
- •English vocabulary: learn to talk about your free time
- •Saying what you like
- •Talking about your hobby
- •Example conversations
- •Typical hobbies
- •Typical sports
- •Using play, do and go
- •Dialogue 1 Leisure Activities
- •Dialogue 2 Exercise Program
- •Dialogue 4
- •Vocation plans
- •Types of buildings
- •The most important and widely used building materials
- •The choice of material
- •Engineering systems
- •Structure
- •Heating
- •Water supply
- •Sewerage
- •Text 10
- •Types of roads
- •Text 11
- •Pavement structure
- •Text 12 types of pavement
- •Grammar revision Unit 1 Reported speech
- •Unit 2 Questions/short answers
- •Unit 3 Conditionals
- •Unit 4 Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Unit 5 prepositions
- •Grammar appendix
- •Questions in Reported Speech
- •Special Introductory Verbs
- •Questions/short answers
- •Adjectives and adverbs Order of Adjectives
- •Order of Adverbs
- •Types of Comparisons
- •Irregular Forms
- •Prepositions Phrasal Words
- •Verbs, Adjectives Nouns with Prepositions
- •400074, Г. Волгоград, ул. Академическая, 1
Grammar appendix
Reported Speech
|
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
Present Simple |
"She works hard," he said |
He said (that) she worked hard. |
Present Continuous |
"She is working hard," he said. |
He said (that) she was working hard. |
Past Simple |
"She worked hard," he said. |
He said (that) she had worked hard. |
Past Continuous |
"She was working hard," he said |
He said (that) she had been working hard. |
Future Simple |
"She will work hard," he said. |
He said (that) she would work hard |
Future Continuous |
"She will be working hard," he said. |
He said (that) she would be working hard. |
Present Perfect |
"She has worked hard," he said. |
He said (that) she had worked hard. |
Present Perfect Continuous |
"She has been working hard," he said. |
He said (that) she had been working hard. |
Time Words
|
|
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
tonight, today, this week/month/year |
that night, that day, that week/month/year |
Now |
then, at that time, at once, immediately |
now that |
since |
yesterday, last night/week/month/year |
the day before, the previous night/week/month/year |
tomorrow, next week/month/year |
the following day/the day after, the following/next week/ month/year |
two days/months/years etc ago |
two days/months/years etc before |
Questions in Reported Speech
Direct questions |
Indirect questions |
"Do you eat meat?" she asked him. |
She asked him if/whether he ate meat. |
"What time is it?" she asked him.
|
She asked him what time it was.
|
"Where is Joan?" he asked me.
|
Do you know where Joan is?
|
"Did he tell you the truth?" she asked me.
|
She wondered if/whether he had told me the truth.
|
"What shall I do next?" he asked me. |
He wanted to know what he should do next/what to do next. |
Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions
-
Direct
Indirect
"Watch out," he said to me.
He told me to watch out. (command)
"Please, don’t move," he said to me
He asked me not to move. (request)
"Let’s play chess," he said.
He suggested playing chess. (suggestion)
"You’d better see a doctor," he said.
He suggested that I (should) see a doctor. (suggestion)
Modal Verbs in Reported Speech
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
will/shall |
→ would |
Can |
→ could (present reference) →would be able to (future reference) |
May |
→ might/could |
shall |
→ should (asking for advice) →would (asking for information) / offer (expressing offers) |
must |
→ must/had to (obligation) (“must” remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction) |
needn’t |
→ didn’t need to / didn’t have to (present reference) → wouldn’t have to (future reference) |