14. Translate the following paying attention to the Gerundial Construction.

1. The explanation lies in the product being more stable.

2. We knew of computer having been invented many decades ago.

3. His having advanced his idea seemed strange at that time.

4. Her having formulated the problem this way seemed rather unexpected.

5. Their having presented the problem in every detail helped us to grasp their idea.

Translate the text into Ukrainian

The common telephone is a device connected to the outside world by a pair of wires. It consists of a handset and its cradle with a signalling device, consisting of either a dial or push buttons. The handset is made up of two electro acoustic transducers, the earpiece or receiver and the mouthpiece or transmitter. There is also a side tone circuit that allows some of the transmitted energy to be fed back to the receiver.

The transmitter or mouthpiece converts acoustic energy into electric energy by means of a carbon granule transmitter. The transmitter requires a direct-current potential. We call this the talk battery, and in modern telephone systems it is supplied over the line (central battery) from the switching center and has been standardized at 48 V dc. Current from the battery flows through the carbon granules or grains when the telephone is lifted from its cradle or goes “off hook”.

The typical receiver consist of a diaphragm of magnetic material, often soft iron alloy, placed in a steady magnetic field supplied by a permanent magnet, and a varying magnetic field caused by voice currents flowing through the voice coils. Such voice currents are alternating (ac) in nature and originate at the far end telephone transmitter. The telephone receiver, as a converter of electrical energy to acoustic energy, has a comparatively low efficiency on the order of 2-3%.

Sidetone is the sound of the talker’s voice heard in his (or her) own receiver. Sidetone level must be controlled. When the level is high, the natural human reaction is for the talker to lower his or her voice. Thus by regulating sidetone, talker levels can be regulated. If too much sidetone is fed back to the receiver, the output level of the transmitter is reduced as a result of the talker lowering his or her voice, thereby reducing the level (voice volume) at the distant receiver and deteriorating performance.

The public switched telecommunication network (PSTN) is immense. It consists of hundreds of smaller networks interconnected. There are “fixed” and “mobile” counterparts. They may or may not have common ownership. In certain areas of the world the wired and wireless portions of the network compete. One may also serve as a backup for the other upon failure. It is estimated that by 2009 there will be as many wireless telephones as wired telephones, about 5 x 10 handsets worldwide of each variety.

These networks, whether mobile or fixed, have traditionally been based on speech operations. Meanwhile, another network type has lately gained great importance in the scheme of things. This is the enterprise network. Such a network supports the business enterprise. It can just as well support the government “enterprise” as a private business. Its most common configuration is local area network (LAN) and is optimized for data communications. The enterprise network also has a long-distance counterpart. Since its inception around 1987, it has taken on a very large life of its own, having been opened to the public worldwide. It is the internet. Its appeal is universal, serving its original intent as a resource-sharing medium extending way beyond the boundaries of universities and now including a universal messaging service called email (electronic mail).

The basic underpinning of the industry was telephone service. That has now changed. The greater portion of the traffic carried today is data traffic, and all traffic is in a digital format of one form or another. We include wireless/cellular and “broadband” as adjuncts of the PSTN.

Telecommunication engineering has traditionally been broken down into two basic segments: transmission and switching. This division was most apparent in conventional telephony. Transmission deals with the delivery of a quality electrical signal from point X to point Y.

Контрольна робота N 2

Ex.1. Underline the correct alternatives.

1. Of all the methods available in/for/at separating signals from noise the most widely used is that involving filtering.

2. The principle of/upon/with sharing the same line between a number of terminals is shown in Fig.6.

3. Before/by/at introducing these new elements more needs to be said about the practical uses of flowcharts.

4. In/upon at handling a telephone call an exchange performs three essential functions.

5. The first satellites were seen as a way about/in /of communicating with people who lived in isolated areas of the word.

Ex.2 Find the verbs in the Subjunctive Mood, underline them and translate the sentences into Ukrainian

1. If there were no frictional losses in a machine, a machine would be 1000% efficient.

2. The demand is that in modern military aircraft he fuel tank be made bulletproof.

3. It is essential that he should inform us regularly on the state of his research work.

4. The demand is that a mass spectrometer intended for an investigation of the upper atmosphere should be exceedingly reliable and simple in operation.

Ex.3 Find the Gerund, state its function and translate the sentences.

1. Besides being small in size, equipment of the transistor is light weight.

2. The ancient Greeks were trying to explain the movements of the planet by assuming the earth to be the centre of the Universe.

3. The results of the test are worth mentioning.

4. Since power is the rate of doing work, the amount of work done in a given time is the rate of doing work multiplied by the time.

Ex.4 Find the elliptical constructions, study them and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Galileo proved that objects fall at the same speed whatever their weight

2. With no free oxygen and little, if any, water, Mars still appears to have rather good evidence of life.

3. Electrical disturbances, no matter how weak, produce radio waves which are picked up by the antenna of the receiver.

4. Whatever the method, the calculation must be precise

Ex.5 Translate the following sentences, in which the noun is guided by two pronouns that are joined by the conjunction.

Model:

An antenna radiates most efficiently at or near its fundamental wave.- Антена випромінює найбільш ефективно на основній хвилі чи поряд з нею.

1. At the beginning of the 20^th century people did not think of flying at or above the speed of sound.

2. This tube was designed for and will find its widest application in colour TV receivers.

3. The vast majority of transformers receive power from and deliver power to circuits with approximately constant potentials.

4. By using magnetometers and telemetering it is possible to study electrical currents flowing in and beyond the ionosphere.

Ex.6 Translate the following sentences. Be sure that you know the meaning of the following words.

1. The planet Pluto was discovered as recently as 1930.

2. The possibility of releasing large amounts of energy was demonstrated as early as 1919 by Rutherford.

3. It was as recently as December 1937 that the first flight of radio-controlled airplane using automatic landing techniques.

Ex.7 Translate the followings terms containing as the first component the world

High “високий “, “великий “.

Model: high-power station.

Силова станція великої потужності ( потужна силова станція).

1.high-speed storage

2. high-speed indicator

3. high-speed switch

4. high-power gun

5. high-power modulation

6. high-ratio transformer

7. high-wing monoplane

8. high-pass filter

Ex.8 Translate from English into Ukrainian paying attention to the different meaning of the translation of the following word combinations:

It follows that – звідси виходить, що

It takes - потрібно

It turns out that – виявляється, що

e time it takes a planet to travel around the Sun is called a year.

2. It took nature millions of years to make coal and oil.

3.It is possible to determine with considerable precision the time it takes a body to fall various distances.

4. It turns out that microwave region is as useful as the optical region for a number of applications.

5. It turns out that the problem of carrying away dangerous by-products is not yet solved .

Ex.9. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Memorize some expressions used with the gerund.

1. It is worth-while carring out several experimental studies.

2. It goes without saying

3. It is worth considering an alternative method.

4. My scissors wants sharpening.

5. That needs explaining.

Ex.10 Fill in the gaps with the following words and translate the sentences.

Hub, server, LAN, gateway, client, bridge, network, router

1. A ---------- is an interface enabling dissimilar networks to communicate.

2. A ---------- is a hardware and software combination used to connect the same type of networks.

3. A ---------- is a special computer directing messages when several networks are linked.

4. A ---------- is a number of computers and peripherals linked together.

5. A ---------- is a network connecting computers over a small distance such as within a company.

6. A ---------- is a powerful computer storing data shared by all the clients in the network.

7. A ---------- is a network computer used for accessing a service on a server.

8. A ---------- is an electronic device connecting all the data cabling in a network.

Ex.11 Some verbs beginning or ending with en have a causative meaning. Replace the words in italics in these sentences with the appropriate form of en verb from this list.

Enable encrypt ensure

Encode enlarge enhance

Encourage brighten widen

1. A MIDI message makes sound into code as 8-bit bytes of digital information.

2. The teacher is using a new program to give courage to children to write stories.

3. The new version of SimCity has been made better in many ways.

4. A gateway makes it possible for dissimilar networks to communicate.

5. You can convert data to secret code to make it secure.

6. Make sure the machine is disconnected before you remove the case.

7. Designer can offer good ideas for making your website brighter.

8. Electronic readers allow you to make the print size larger.

9. Programmers write software which makes the computer able to carry out particular tasks.

10. You can make the picture on your monitor wider.

Ex12. Complete the gaps in this summary of the text on operating systems using these linking words and phrases and translate:

Although because but in addition such as therefore

The user is aware of the effects of different applications programs ……… operating systems are invisible to most users. They lie between applications programs,…….. word processing, and the hardware. The supervisor program is the most important. It remains in memory, ……… it is referred to as resident. Others are called non-resident ……… they are loaded into memory only when needed. Operating systems manage the computer’s resources, …….. the central processing unit. ………., they establish a user interface, and execute and provide services for applications software. ………. input and output operations are invoked by applications programs, they are carried out by the operating systems.

Ex.13. Choose the one word that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence.

1. The product is a very specialized new method of making lasers for optical fibre systems.

a) constructing

b) fabricating

c) composing

d) producing

2. The process of approximating the sample value to a coded level is called quantization.

a) approaching

b) approving

c) appreciating

d) appointing

3. You might be interested in having access to data banks.

a) having key

b) having entry

c) having luck

d) having progress

4. By our increasing the pressure we increase the force.

a) multiplying

b) raising

c) loading

d) putting

5. They succeeded in rapidly converting industry to war production.

a) lifting

b) altering

c) changing

d) moving

Ex 14. Translate the following paying attention to the Gerundial Construction.

1. Our being able to cope with the problem seemed unrealistic at that time.

2. His having found the key to the solution of the problem seemed improbable.

3. His having succeeded in solving it was quite unexpected for our scientific community.

4. We do insist on this experiment being made at earliest possible opportunity.

5. She is against being sent to this region of the country.