Вариант III

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) judges; 2) centuries; 3) discoveries; 4) bodies; 5) denied; 6) admitted; 7) beginning; 8) circling; 9) easier; 10) earliest.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. The Universe centre

2. The inquisition churchmen

1. The inquisition judges

1. The Renaissance revolution

1. The Copernicus system defence

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание па грамматические функции и значения слов one, it, that.

1. The earliest steam-engine that found its employment in industry was that of Thomas Savery in 1698 in England.

2. It was in 1765 that the brilliant mechanic Ivan Polzunov built an even better steam-engine in Russia.

2. One of the reasons why it was better was that it could be used for many purposes and not just for pumping water.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

1. It is sometimes easier to drag a thing along than to carry it.

1. One needs as much data on neutron characteristics as possible.

1. It is raining hard, do not open the window.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. In 1769 a French officer Cugnot by name invented a steam-carriage on three wheels, which could carry only three persons, and had to stop every ten minutes to get up steam (для поднятия паров).

1. Some substances have been developed in the laboratory; the experts are to mix these substances to obtain a new one.

1. It is not difficult to see that there must have been times when our Earth was a glowing globe of melted rocks.

1. There is some acid in the tube, you should be careful with the acid.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. Man needs electricity, with its help we can drive engines and machines.

1. If you want to carry away this motor, you may do it.

1. As far as we know the Earth, its continents and oceans, its mountains and rivers could have existed since the beginning of time.

4.What seems easy for us in the structure of matter now might not have been so twenty centuries ago.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3 й, 4-й, 5-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. То turn on one's axis - вращаться вокруг своей оси

1. Summoned him to Rome - приказала ему явиться в Рим

1. То put on trial - привлекать к суду

1. Не muttered something softly to himself - он пробормотал что-то тихо про себя

1. «But it does move». - «И все же она вертится».

GALILEO GALILEI (1564 - 1633)

1. Slowly the old man got down on the knees before the judges of the inquisition. In a tired voice he said what he was ordered to say. He denied that the Earth turned on its axis and admitted that he had been wrong to teach this.

On that day, June 22, 1633, the churchmen of the inquisition believed they had won a victory. They had forced Galileo, at the age of 69, the famous scientist in Europe, to admit he was wrong.

2. Galileo was born in Pisa (Italy) on February 15, 1564. From his childhood he showed a wide range of interests. His father wanted him to be a doctor, and Galileo was unhappy when he went to the University of Pisa in 1581 to study medicine. He began studying the works of Aristotle, Euclid and Archimedes.

2. Galileo had to leave Pisa and go to the University of Padua. It was there that he did most important work of all. This was in astronomy, the field in which his discoveries contributed the most to the scientific revolution of the Renaissance. He constructed a telescope and made many important discoveries with it. He discovered mountains and craters on the Moon and spots on the Sun.

2. His most important discovery in astronomy was made on January 7 1610. He found four little moons circling the Jupiter. This completely upset the old belief that everything in the heavens rotated around the Earth. There were four bodies rotating around Jupiter. Copernicus had been right.

2. In 1632 Galileo published his defense of the Copernicus system. It was then that the inquisition summoned him to Rome and put him on trial. The story is told that when Galileo rose from his knees, after swearing the Earth stood still, he muttered something softly to himself. These words are said to have been: «But it does move».

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Galileo's discoveries in astronomy contributed the most to the scientific revolution in the Renaissance, didn't they?

1. Did Galileo's discoveries upset the old belief that everything in heavens rotated around the Earth?

1. Did Galileo say to the inquisition what he wanted or what he was ordered to say?

2. Why was Galileo unhappy at the University of Pisa?