The participle (причастие)
Tense |
Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
Present Participle (PI) |
Ving |
being V3/Ved |
Past Participle (PII) |
- |
V3/Ved |
Perfect Participle |
having V3/Ved |
having been V3/Ved |
Exercise 1. Use these verbs in all the forms of the Participle.
To convert, to detect, to transform, to determine, to obtain, to achieve, to test, to prove, to describe, to connect, to use.
Exercise 2. Translate the phrases with the Present Participle.
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Exercise 3. Translate these phrases with Participle I.
Спящая собака; бегущий ребенок; ученый, делающий доклад; кипящая вода; дорога, соединяющая два города; люди, ожидающие нас; танцующая девочка; деревья, растущие в нашем парке; выигрывающая команда; замерзающая река; студент, переводящий текст; женщина, покупающая платье; вода, отражающая звезды; строящаяся школа; задаваемые вопросы (сейчас); ключ, поворачиваемый в замке (сейчас).
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences with Participle I.
1. That bag belongs to the man standing by the front door. 2. Which is the way leading to the airport? 3. As you can see the stadium being reconstructed is very big. 4. The house being built in our street is a new school. 5. The men helping me are my friends. 6. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best student. 7. She took the pencil lying on the table. 8. The falling leaves made me think about the coming autumn. 9. The top manager will check the project being made by our group. 10. Here is the article giving full information about the economical situation in our region. 11. The bisector is a straight line dividing an angle into two equal parts. 12. The man waiting in the office called you the day before yesterday. 13. A floating body displaces some water. 14. The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it. 15. The plant being built in our district will produce radio sets.
Exercise 5. Translate the phrases with Participle II.
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Exercise 6. Translate the phrases with Participle II.
Переведенный текст, прочитанная книга; потерянный ключ; сломанный карандаш; деревья, выращенные мной; покрашенная стена; стадион, построенный в прошлом году; картина, написанная художником; отправленное сообщение; машина, купленная моим другом; город, расположенный на берегу моря; забытый метод; выбранная тема; кипяченая вода; замерзшее озеро.
Exercise 7. Translate the sentences with Participle II.
The article published in this book was important. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. I need a book recommended by the teacher. 4. The film discussed yesterday was interesting. 5. The performed work showed good results. 6. The girl invited by my friend was charming. 7. The instruments used in the experiment are very reliable. 8. The lecture followed by a film was visited by many students. 9. The information obtained is very valuable. 10. The first steam-powered cars were built in the 1700s. 11. The method used was very effective. 12. The particles attracted to the anode are anions. 13. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing. 14. They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. 15. The first television set produced in 1939 was a small nine-by-twelve inch box.
Exercise 8. Compare the word combinations with the Present and Past Participles. Give your own examples.
Boiling water – boiled water
Developing country – developed country
Reflecting surface – reflected surface
Exercise 9. Answer the questions with the Present and Past Participles.
1. Do we drink boiling or boiled water? 2. Does a student belong to training or trained people? 3. Who feels more nervous at the examination: examining or examined people? 4. What is more dangerous to cross a freezing or a frozen river? 5. Which are more beautiful: flowers growing in the field or flowers grown in the garden? 6. Does an archeologist study existing cultures or cultures existed thousands of years ago? 7. What does the chemist usually examine: the liquid filling the bottle, or the bottle filled with it?
Exercise 10. Choose the correct form of the Participle.
1. They live in a beautiful cottage (surrounding / surrounded) by trees. 2. The fence (surrounding / surrounded) our house is not very tall. 3. Mike is very sad. In other words, he is (depressing / depressed). 4. The news made Mike feel sad. The news was (depressing / depressed). 5. The result of the exam was (disappointing / disappointed). 6. I was greatly (disappointing / disappointed) by the result of the game. 7. I am (interesting / interested) in the exploration of space. 8. The exploration of space is (interesting / interested) to me. 9. I am (fascinating / fascinated) by the history of Egypt. 10. The history of Egypt is a (fascinating / fascinated) subject. 11. We could not see the sun (covering / covered) by the clouds. 12. The snow (covering / covered) the ground was clean and sparkled in the sun. 13. On the train I was reading an (exciting / excited) story). 14. We all were very (exciting / excited) when we saw the baby.
Exercise 11. Use the verb in the form of Participle I or Participle II.
1. The town (chose) for the next Olympics is situated near the sea. 2. I can see someone (come) towards us. 3. The demonstrators marched along the streets (wave) the banners. 4. The people (injure) in the accident are still in hospital. 5. My grandmother lives in a village (surround) by hills. 6. She didn’t pay any attention to the (ring) telephone. 7. The church (destroy) by a fire, was never rebuilt. 8. The tools (produce) by our plant are of (improve) quality. 9. Scientists (study) the phenomenon discovered new facts. 10. The book (write) by this scientist is very popular. 11. Не is a man (love) and (admire) by everybody.
Exercise 12. Translate the sentences with the Participle I.
When going to the beach, don’t forget to apply sunscreen. 2. While translating difficult texts we use a dictionary. 3. Knowing the language he could understand the conversation. 4. Many students get part-time jobs in December, delivering mail or selling gifts or greeting cards. 5. Studying the nature of light and color Newton carried out many experiments with a prism. 6. While making his experiment the lab assistant put down all the necessary data. 7. Knowing English perfectly he was able to read books without a dictionary. 8. Entering the hotel, he noticed the new receptionist. 9. Traveling around the Europe, he visited his old friend in Spain. 10. While making one of his experiments, a scientist was seriously injured as a result of the explosion. 11. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive. 12. Studying at university I made a lot of friends. 13. Studying various phenomena of Nature, Newton discovered the law of gravitation. 14. While making experiments in the laboratory of Cambridge University, Newton discovered the law of inertia.
Exercise 13. Change the sentences according to the model.
Example: I was walking along the street. I saw Mary and Tom.
Walking along the street I saw Mary and Tom.
1. Mary was swimming in the river when she lost her ring. 2. Tom was riding a bike when he fell down and hurt his leg. 3. Granny was making dinner when she broke a cup. 4. The boy was making fire when he burnt his finger. 5. My neighbor was painting the fence when he stained his T-shirt. 6. My friend was eating an apple when he chocked. 7. I was drawing a scheme when I broke the pencil. 8. They were traveling around Spain when they lost their passports.
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences.
1. Following my advice, you will win. 2. Climbing up the ladder, the boy fell down. 3. Watching an old movie, I fell asleep. 4. While crossing the street you should first look to the left and then to the right. 5. Being very ill, she could not go to the University. 6. It is a matter of common experience that water expands when freezing. 7. Phenomena occurring during solar flares are thoroughly investigated. 8. A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature. 9. A great number of experiments being conducted at present are based on Newton’s first law. 10. The plane flying with great speed leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 11. Any change in the motion of a body is in proportion to the force pressing on it. 12. The law defining the properties of inertia was formulated by Newton. 13. The professor delivering this report works at our Institute. 14. When falling the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 15. An electric switch is a man-made control system, controlling the flow of electricity. 16. Being built of colored stone and plastics, the cinema will look fine. 17. Copper is of great value, being a good conductor of electricity. 18. Being placed in the open air iron rusts and deteriorates. 19. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences with the Participle II.
When heated ice melts. 2. Unless tested the machine must not be put into operation. 3. When heated the polymer changed its properties completely. 4. When expressed in the terms of mass and force Newton’s three laws serve as a basis for the general study of motion. 5. When properly adjusted this instrument works well. 6. Unless ionized air is a very poor electric conductor. 7. When asked directly about the purpose of her visit she answered vaguely. 8. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology. 9. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume. 10. The glass cube breaks into bits if heated or cooled rapidly. 11. When asked this question the student could not answer it at once. 12. Unless covered with paint the iron rusts. 13. Don’t give me any advice unless asked. 14. When frozen water expands. 15. Unless stopped by some external force, the body will keep moving due to inertia.
Exercise 16. Answer the following questions.
Example: What happens to the water when it is frozen? (expand)
When frozen water expands.
1. What happens to the water when it is heated to the boiling point? (boil) 2. What happens to the ice when it is heated? (melt) 3. What happens to the glass when it is hit with a hammer? (break) 4. What do you do when someone asks you for help? (do what I can) 5. What do you do when someone attacks you? (defend myself) 6. What happens to the skin when it is exposed to the sun for a long time? (burn) 7. What do people say when somebody introduces them? (Nice to meet you) 8. What happens to the log when somebody puts it into the fire? (burn)
Exercise 17. Translate the sentences.
1. The first object observed by Galileo through the telescope was the Moon. 2. Rockets launched with first space velocity become artificial satellites of the Earth. 3. The device invented showed good performance. 4. I have not read the letters received yesterday. 5. When frozen the river permits people to walk on it. 6. Most of the labs equipped with the latest apparatus are housed in the main building. 7. When cooled particles tend to slow down. 8. The engine tested required further improvement. 9. A substance is composed of tiny particles called molecules. 10. The described method is widely used in industry. 11. Payment for the delivered machines will be made in June. 12. The mouse stopped working when used with the new modem. 13. The medicine can have side effects when used with alcohol. 14. Most of Christmas customs are variations of traditions brought to America by European immigrants. 15. Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills.
Exercise 18. Translate the sentences with the Perfect Participle.
1. Having repaired the engine, the mechanic showed it to the engineer. 2. Having finished the letter, he went to the post office. 3. Having been forbidden to go out, I stayed at home. 4. Having folded the letter she put it into the envelope. 5. Having been shown the wrong direction he lost his way. 6. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory. 7. Having washed the car, he took it into the garage. 8. Having made the measurements the scientist then processed the data. 9. Having lost the key, the boy couldn’t get into the house. 10. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. 11. Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt. 12. Having finished work they switched off their computers. 13. Having graduated from Cambridge, Newton was left there to work as tutor. 14. Having been the result of twenty years’ thinking, the Principia took Newton only eighteen months to get it ready for publishing. 15. Having been published in 1687, the three laws of motion are still the basis for many scientific achievements.
Exercise 19. Translate the sentences with the Perfect Participle.
1. Написав письмо, она отправила его по e-mail. 2. Упаковав чемоданы, мы вызвали такси. 3. Подъехав к станции, поезд остановился. 4. Починив машину, он поехал за город. 5. Написав тесты, студенты сдали их преподавателю. 6. Прочитав письмо, он сжег его. 7. Сдав экзамены, мы поедем домой. 8. После того как ребенку дали игрушку, он перестал плакать. 9. Потеряв бумажник, он не мог купить новый диск. 10. После того как документы были подписаны, секретарь забрала их. 11. Выступив с докладом, я ответил на вопросы. 12. После того как фильм посмотрели, его обсудили. 13. Завершив эксперименты, они обсудили полученные данные. 14. Обсудив полученные данные, они использовали их в новой статье. 15. После того как лабораторию снабдили необходимым оборудованием, ученые смогли продолжить эксперимент.
Exercise 20. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the tenses and functions of the Participles.
1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.
b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.
c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.
2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.
c) While putting the cups on the table she broke one of them.
3. a) A word spoken in time may have very important results.
b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.
c) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his
sister.
4. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.
b) A teacher seeing a mistake always corrects it.
c) Seeing a lecturer students entered the classroom.
5. a) The article written by this scientist is very interesting.
b) The girl writing on the blackboard is our best student.
c) While writing the dictation he made some mistakes.
6. a) He took part at the conference organized at our University.
b) The professor organizing the seminar was a prominent scientist.
c) While organizing a conference don’t forget to send invitations.
Exercise 21. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the tenses and functions of the Participles.
While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the Earth. 2. An article discussing the new system of education appeared in all newspapers. 3. Plasma is a gas made up of charged particles. 4. The components known as caffeine, morphine, nicotine belong to alkaloids. 5. Having mixed these two substances we then put the mixture into a clean test-tube. 6. It is a common observation that bodies expand when heated. 7. Many students delivering mail or selling greeting cards are nevertheless making good progress in their studies. 8. Having translated the text, the student began to do the exercises.
The books being sold here are not expensive. 9. Atomic energy is the foundation of all processes occurring in our universe. 10. The test being carried out is of great significance. 11. The atom contains a number of electrons revolving around the nucleus. 12. Observing in 1761 the rare phenomenon of passage of the planet Venus over the visible disk of the Sun, Lomonosov discovered that Venus had an atmosphere. 13. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound. 14. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled. 15. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. 16. While teaching mathematics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 17. Having invented the lightning conductor, Benjamin Franklin continued working on the problem of atmosphere electricity. 18. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read. 19. The equipment tested requires further improvement. 20. The article published in a small magazine remained unknown for a long time.
Exercise 22. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction at the beginning of the sentences.
1. The problem being easy, the students solved it at once. 2. The lecture being over, they went home. 3. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 4. This material being a dielectric, no current can flow through it. 5. Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with his observations. 6. The sky having cleared, the astronomer proceeded with his observations. 7. The signal given, the rocket starts immediately. 8. Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 9. The young physicist having discovered Newton’s error, other scientists confirmed it. 10. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.
Exercise 23. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction at the end of the sentences.
1. Rockets move in a straight line in outer space, there being no air friction there. 2. The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position outside of the second shell. 3. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. 4. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being very small. 5. Acids react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and water being formed. 6. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting in making calculations at a great speed. 7. The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location. 8. Cars were very small, the engine being placed under the seat.
Exercise 24. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.
1. My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. 2. Natural gas is composed chiefly of methane, a compound of carbon and hydrogen having the formula CH4. 3. The electricity is carried exclusively by the electrons, the atomic nuclei remaining stationary. 4. There being many people in the conference hall, we could not enter it. 5. Radioactivity having been discovered, scientists made great progress in atomic physics. 6. Hydrogen consists of discrete particles, called molecules, each made up of 2 hydrogen atoms. 7. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 8. Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards the perpendicular. 9. Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury. 10. The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no radioactive sulphur. 11. The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction of the water. 12. The electric field between the plates being altered, particles of different velocity may be selected for study. 13. There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight. 14. The atmosphere always contains some moisture, the amount varying not only from day to day, but from hour to hour. 15. The atom is a sort of miniature solar system, with the electrons orbiting about the nucleus as the planet orbit around the Sun. 16. The conductivity depends on the number of ions present, the substance being more ionized in dilute solution. 17. Early in the 19th century Dalton advanced his atomic theory, the emphasis on the weights of the atoms being his great contribution to the science of the period.
Exercise 25. Translate the sentences.
1. The work done provided us with new data. 2. Having stated the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe. 3. The temperature being decreased, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. 4. The research having been done, everybody was interested in its results. 5. Always follow the instructions very carefully when fitting seat belts in your car. 6. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 7. Coal was the most widely used fuel before the middle of this century. 8. The current being switched on, the machine automatically starts operating. 9. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 10. Above the cylinder was a tank containing cold water. 11. While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat. 12. A simple component having failed, the whole cable system was repaired. 13. Having made a number of tests, the researcher got some useful results. 14. When being rubbed, some substances produce charges. 15. The measures discussed are to be used for determining the faults in the conducting wires. 16. Being a semiconductor, germanium is widely used in transistors. 17. The data obtained formed the basis for further activity. 18. When insulated the wire may be used as a conductor. 19. Having been given the wrong address I could not find his house. 20. Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no influence on his theory. 21. The engine tested showed that it needed no further improvement. 22. A defect undetected caused an accident. 23. The distance having been measured, the computer adjusts the car’s speed.
Exercise 26. Complete these descriptions of famous landmarks by adding –ed or –ing. Match the description with the landmark from column B and the picture.
1. A half-human, half-lion ancient Egyptian statue symbolis___ strength and wisdom. 2. A 650-year-old Italian bell tower lean___ to one side. 3. An awe-inspir___ Indian tomb with jewel-encrust___ walls situated at the end of a beautiful garden. 4. An impos___ grey figure with outstretch___ arms dominat___ the Rio skyline. 5. An unusually-shap___ white building, with a strange-look___, point___ roof overlook___ Sydney harbour. |
a) Statue of Christ the Redeemer b) The Sphinx c) Opera House d) Taj Mahal e) Tower of Pisa |
1 2 3
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Exercise 27. Match the first and the second half of each headline.
1. Father attacks books 2. Lawyer defends politician 3. Photographer films woman 4. Police blow up car 5. Swimmer frees dolphin 6. Thieves steal picture 7. Teachers find more pupils 8. Ambulance crew helps boy |
a) written by his son b) parked outside embassy c) bitten by dog d) sleeping in class e) accused of taking money f) accused of shoplifting g) painted by Rembrandt h) caught in net |
Exercise 28. Complete the stories by adding information in the boxes. Use either the Present Participle or the Past Participle.
a)
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b)
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c)
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Exercise 29. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms and functions of the Participles.
1. An external force applied to a body sets it in motion. 2. Any applied force sets the body in motion. 3. The given examples proved the validity of the new theory. 4. The validity of the new theory is proved by the examples given below. 5. For every action exerted on a body there is an equal and opposite reaction. 6. It is known that an external unbalanced force sets a body in motion. 7. The flying plane leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 8. The plane flying with great speed leaves behind a stream of white smoke. 9. Any change in the motion of a body is in proportion to the force pressing on it and takes place in the direction of a straight line in which the pressing body acts. 10. The law defining the properties of inertia was formulated by Newton. 11. The professor delivering this report works at our Institute. 12. The method suggested by him was of great practical importance. 13. A great number of experiments being conducted at present are based on Newton’s first law. 14. The second law of mechanics states that a body being pressed by a force moves in the direction in which the pressing force acts.
Exercise 30. Find the Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and quotations.
1. A person without a smiling face must not open a shop. 2. Rats desert a sinking ship. 3. Let sleeping dog lie. 4. A living dog is better than a dead lion. 5. Never fish in troubled water. 6. Once bitten, twice shy. 7. One scabbed sheep will mar a whole flock. 8. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 9. Forbidden fruit is sweetest. 10. A burnt child dreads the fire. 11. When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us. (Helen Keller) 12. A land flowing with milk and honey. 13. A penny saved is a penny gained. 14. Barking dogs seldom bite. 15. A watched pot never boils. 16. It is ill to waken sleeping dogs.