- •Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •Put each verb in brackets into the passive in an appropriate tense.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Translate the words paying attention to their meaning: means, to mean, by means of, by no means, by all means.
- •V.Translate the sentences.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Put each word in brackets in appropriate degrees of comparison.
- •VII. Fill in the gaps with “who, whom, whose, what, which”.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Translate the following word combinations.
- •IV.Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions given below.
- •V. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •VI. Translate into English.
- •VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs and their equivalents.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Arrange the jumbled words into the right order.
- •V. Translate the word combinations.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to Sequence of Tenses.
- •Make the sentences negative.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Match the words with their definitions.
- •V. Fill in the gaps with “much” or “many”.
- •VI.Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II.
- •Market research
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the word combinations.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with “little, a little, few, a few”.
- •V. Read the following numerals.
- •VI. Translate sentences with the word “one”.
- •VII. Translate sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give the Russian equivalents to the international words.
- •IV. Write down the Russian equivalents.
- •Fill in each blank with a suitable word from the vocabulary of the text.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words “some” and “the same”.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions: of, by, with, in, from, to, upon, through.
- •Fill in the gaps with “some, any, no”.
- •VI. Translate sentences paying attention to the word “earn”.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the word combinations.
- •IV. Open the brackets and put the verbs in proper form.
- •V. Translate sentences with the word “it”.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the construction “to be going to”.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions: to, without, for, in, at, from, with
- •Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
- •VI.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
- •VII. Make the sentences negative.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Find in the text synonyms for the following words.
- •V.Translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Give the English equivalents for the following.
- •VII.Write the following sentences in the Past and Future Tenses.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
- •Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences with the verb “wonder”.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Write the following sentences in the Past and Future Tenses.
- •IV. Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
- •V.Write the following dates in English.
- •VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle I.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Translate the word combinations.
- •IV.Translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Write and read the following numerals in English.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Infinitive.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX.Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Innovation
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV.Translate the conditional sentences.
- •V. Chose the correct active or passive form of the verb.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.
- •Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III.Choose the antonyms of the following words.
- •IV.Translate into English.
- •V.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences.
- •Transport
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech.
- •IV.Translate the following word combinations.
- •V. Translate sentences with the word “it”.
- •VI.Complete the Tag questions.
- •VII.Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs into the Present Perfect or Past Simple.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
VI. Translate the following sentences.
Nothing would have happened if you had followed the instructions.
I wouldn’t have cancelled the appointment if I hadn’t fallen ill.
We’d have managed to do more if we’d begun earlier.
They wouldn’t have wasted so much time if he’d explained it all more carefully.
We’d have contacted them if the matter had been urgent.
We would have utilized the latest technology if we had got the financial support.
The proprietor would have started a new business if he had secured a license from the city.
VII. Give the English equivalents for the following.
- воспользоваться новыми возможностями
- отбирать и обучать персонал
- ставить цели и задачи
- приводить к трудностям
- получать лицензию
- рискованное дело
- использовать последние технологии
- зависеть от законов
VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
To ring, to steal, to hold, to show, to build, to lie, to pay, to shine, to hit, to set.
IX.Write down sentences with the following idioms.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. – Лучше синица в руках, чем журавль в небе.
The lion share’s – Львиная доля
Unit 17
Transport
I. Read and translate the text.
Traffic includes transfer of people, goods (cargo, freight), information (post, telegraph, telephone, computer) and energy (electricity, water, gas).
Goods are carried by land (rail, road), air, sea, inland waterways (rivers, canals) and pipelines.
The quality of transport services within a transport system depends mainly on the costs and also on the factors such as efficiency and predictability of a service, speed, availability and frequency, regularity and safety.
Rail Transport is indispensable to the inland transportation of bulk shipments (grain, ore, oil, timber, coal). That requires a lot of handling operations (loading, unloading) which may cause delay, loss or damage. Rail transport costs are relatively high as railways – unlike road carriers, lorries, and hauliers must have their own track, stations and signaling systems. This is reflected in rather high freight rates per unit, which are regressive with the distance. This makes rail transportation economical for large shipments sent long distance.
The introduction of containerization and train ferry services has eliminated a number of disadvantages in rail transport and has made rail services much more attractive and convenient.
Road transport has become a serious competitor to rail. The manufacturer or producer can maintain his own service of lorries (trucks) or engage a firm undertaking to carry goods for general public or a haulier – a firm undertaking long distance freighting of heavy goods. Road transport involves the use of specialized vehicles: refrigerated lorries , tanker lorries, etc. With the introduction of the ferry services the door-to-door service has expanded across the sea. Road vehicles do not run to a timetable, and can use any of the network of roads.
The main advantage of air transport is speed, particularly in international and intercontinental routes, but the services are costly. The transportation costs involve, besides freight, airport taxes and landing fees, handling and warehousing of freight, at the airport site, and other specialized services operated by the airport. As a result, air transport is generally regarded as suited only to transportation of small, valuable consignment(gold, precious stones), perishables (e.g. cherries), and goods urgently needed ( e.g. spare parts for machinery). However, a lot of savings may be achieved by economy of speed, packing, reduced insurance rates, etc.
Sea transport is best suited to the carriage of large quantities of bulk goods. About three quarters of the world trade volume is carried by sea, with the carriage of liquids (oil) increasing in size faster than of solids (raw materials, such as iron ore, grains, coal).