3.2 Scientific article

The scientific article is one of the main types of publications. It contains a summary of the intermediate or final results of the scientific research, highlights the specific separate question on the topic of the thesis. The author captures the scientific priority in it, makes the material to be accessible to the specialists.

The scientific articles to the theses should necessarily be published in the publications, a list of which is approved by the High Attestation Commission of Ukraine.

The scientific article is directed to the editors of some proceedings in completed form in accordance with the requirements. The requirements are usually published in the separate issues of these proceedings as a memo to the authors.

The optimum amount of a scientific article is 0.5 author sheets (up to 12 pages of text, typed on a computer through the 1.5 line spacing, font of size 14 pt).

The manuscript, except for the main text, should contain the full title, name, and initials of the author(s), abstract (on a separate page), a list of references.

The article should have the following structural elements:

1. Introduction, which contains the formulation of the scientific problem, its urgency, relation to the important tasks of science and the national economy of the state, the importance for the development of a particular science branch or practice. This is usually the first paragraph or 510 lines. The purpose of the introduction is to explain to the reader the main task set by the author of the article.

As a rule, the introduction should include:

• definition of a scientific hypothesis;

• a detailed explanation of the reasons, why the study was initiated;

• disclosing the level of the topic relevance.

2. Analysis of recent research and publications, which have inferred this problem solving, and which are important for the author; existing views on the issue; difficulties in the development of this issue, highlighted outstanding issues within a common problem (0.5  2 pages of printed text).

3. The wording of the article purpose (problem), which classifies the main idea of this publication. This idea has to be significantly different from the existing ones, be complementary or deepen the already known approaches. It can be an introduction to the science of new facts, conclusions, recommendations, laws, or can clarify the previously known facts, but which are insufficiently studied.

4. Presentation of the content of the study, i.e., the main part of the article. It highlights the main points and results of the scientific research, personal ideas, thoughts, obtained scientific facts, revealed patterns, communication, trends, experimental program, methods to obtain and analyze the factual material, the author's personal contribution to the achievement and implementation of the main conclusions, etc. (5  8 pages).

5. Conclusions, in which the main conclusion of the author is formulated, the content of the conclusions and recommendations, their implications for the theory and practice, social importance. The conclusions briefly outline the prospects for further research on the subject (1/3 page). It is necessary to make a brief conclusion, whether the declared hypothesis was confirmed, or not.

6. References, where bibliographic descriptions of the sources and literature are placed, which are referenced in the text.

7. The annotations are added to the article in Ukrainian, Russian and English languages.

The scientific article genre requires the adherence to certain rules:

• surname and initials of the author (initials put before the name), are located most often in the upper right corner, specify information, that supplements the information about the author, is located then if necessary;

• title of the article briefly reflects its main idea (the best — 57 words, it is possible — from 3 to 12 words), each word in the title has some meaning, there are no superfluous words, but the words themselves are combined with each other, the keywords are preferable because they contribute article indexing on the Internet;

• the style of a research report or a popular scientific article has to be avoided;

• to put the rhetorical questions is inappropriate; it should prevail the declarative sentences;

• do not always enumerate by the numbers 1, 2, etc. the text, thoughts; it is desirable to start each position in the list of elements with a new line, separating them from each other by a semicolon;

• is acceptable to use different types of the list marking by the words like at the beginning, then, next, finally; firstly, secondly, thirdly; at the first stage, second stage, and the like;

• quotes in the article should contain precise bibliographic references;

• all references to the authorities are placed at the beginning of the article, the main article volume is devoted to the presentation of the author’s own thoughts; it should not validate his findings and recommendations, statements by other prominent scientists because this indicates that the idea is not new, was known previously, and there is no doubt;

• the article should be completed by specific findings and recommendations.

The abstract of the paper should be concise, but informative. The recom­mended size of the abstract is no more than 500 characters, i.e., 4  5 sentences. The abstract provides information about the author / authors of the article, summarizes the scientific problem, objectives and main author's findings in an abbreviated form. It also reflects the scientific novelty of the article. The abstract should not include borrowings (citations), well-known facts, details. It should be written in clear, simple language, short sentences, in an impersonal form (discussed, disclosed, measured, set and so on).

The manuscript of the article should be signed by the author (s) and sent to the editor in two copies. The computer version, as well as the information about the author name, and place of his basic work, or study is attached to it.