2.2 Complete the following sentences:

1. Ecology is ... of biology which deals with the mutual relations between organisms and their environment.

2. Industry had essentially solved ... of production.

3. Industrial ecology asks... to go ways much further both in minimizing harmful waste and in maximizing the economical use of waste.

4. The aim of industrial ecology is to ... the environmental impact per person.

2 .3 Match the synonyms:

branch web threat waste harmful lighten use aim property environmental burdens

a) connection b) purpose c) rubbish d) feature e) environmental problems f) field g) danger h) poisonous i) ease j) utilization

4. Fill in the table and translate.

Noun	............Verb
relation competition cooperation solution development improvement emission substitution reduction... occupation evolution

2.5 Match the word expressions:

mutual natural more widespread available useful harmful economical environmental considerable zero environmental functional materials

threat "Waste" impact relations improvement forces and organisms substitution burdens emission economy material waste use energy

2.6 Explain the meaning of the following:

1) Industrial ecology

2) Zero emission

3) Dematerialization

4) Materials substitution

5) Decarburization

6) Functional economy

2.7 Make up a short report about industrial ecology and means of environmental burdens reduction.

Industrial Ecology and the Building Environment

1.Warm up.

What do Industrial Ecology and the Building Environment mean?

What is the connection between Industrial Ecology and the Building Environment?

1.1 Read the text and translate it into Russian.

environmental quality consistent approaches requirements structure analytic tools comprehensive environmental site assessment impact parcel Full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Expanding Environmental Impact Statements Instituting local building codes with higher efficiency standards for lighting-, thermal insulation systems Establishing clear limits for businesses to measure environmental characterization application

качество, относящееся к окружающей среде последовательные подходы требования строение, здание аналитические средства обширный, всесторонний оценка строительного участка в плане окружающей среды влияние участок земли Теория жизненного цикла расширение изложений о влиянии окружающей среды учреждение местных строительных норм с высоко эффективными стандартами для систем освещения и теплоизоляции установление чётких показателей для предприятий по характеристике окружающей среды применение

1. In its short history, Industrial Ecology achieves environmental quality by analyzing the human resource use and environmental problems and by use of an analogy with natural ecosystems. The application of this principle to the Building Environment presents new requirements. Industrial Ecology must develop consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures. Industrial Ecology should consider the Building Environment, as its own ecology or as part of a one.

2. Industrial ecology should provide analytic tools, design principles, and perspectives for improving the environmental character of structures. The Building Environment aims to improve the value of industrial ecology by applying it.

3. Industrial ecology also describes materials and manufactured components used in the Building Environment as they influence the operation of building systems for plumbing, electricity, and climate control and the use of natural resources over the lifetime of a structure.

4. The actual range of landscapes, climates, ecosystems, and available construction materials form the Building Environment. It requires industrial ecology to develop analytic tools and perspectives. These include more comprehensive measures of resource use and methods for materials management, improved environmental site assessment and planning, and design principles. The principles must respect the human need for housing and take into account the influence of the evolution of the Building Environment.

5.Historical analysis of the Building Environment offers measures for technological innovations and government policies. The analysis shows the possible results from more efficient material utilization and suggests methods for improving materials management and using industrial wastes for construction materials. LCA studies in the Building Environment focus attention on 1) the reduction of environmental impact from the manufacture of building components;2) resource use over the lifetime; 3)the reduction of used energy; 4)the improvement of recyclability;5) frequently replaced building components.

6. Industrial Ecology of land use should offer planners how to disturb less land. Using the same parcel of the land surface for multiple functions is one of the principles in the Building Environment. Designing structures should be adapted to local materials, climate, and landscapes.

7. System change in the construction of the Building Environment demands the structural measures. Examples of structural measures include: 1) Developing technologically advanced material systems 2) Improving the economic climate for materials through market and mechanisms 3) Expanding Environmental Impact Statements 4) Instituting local building codes with higher efficiency standards for lighting, thermal insulation systems 5) Providing roadmaps for environmentally responsible practice to architects and building contractors 6) Establishing clear limits for businesses to measure environmental characterization. Improvements in all of these basic items will allow responsible practices for application in the economy.