2.1 Translate the following word expressions:

human resource use

utilization of land for structures

materials and manufactured components

resource use

frequently replaced building components

advanced material systems

Environmental Impact Statements

local building codes

higher efficiency standards

thermal insulation systems

environmentally responsible practice

measure environmental characterization

materials management

2.2 Find the word expressions with the word environmental in the text and translate them.

2.3 Join these split sentences and translate them:

Industrial Ecology achieves environmental quality by Industrial Ecology must develop Industrial Ecology should consider the Building Environment, The Building Environment aims The actual range of landscapes, climates, ecosystems, and available construction materials

as its own ecology or as part of a one. form the Building Environment. consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures. analyzing the human resource use and environmental problems and by use of an analogy with natural ecosystems. to improve the value of industrial ecology by applying it.

2.4 Resume the sentences from the text:

1. Industrial Ecology must develop consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures.

2. Industrial ecology should provide analytic tools, design principles, and perspectives for improving the environmental character of structures.

3. Industrial ecology also describes materials and manufactured components used in the Building Environment.

Functions of Industrial Ecology are 1)development of...

2) Provision of....

3) Description of...

1. The Building Environment aims to improve the value of industrial ecology by applying it.

2. the Building Environment offers measures for technological innovations and government policies.

The aim of Building Environment is 1) improvement of...

2) Offering of… texts for supplementary reading

I

1. Degradation of the ozone layer

Production of CFCs is being phased out because they damage the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer, which prevents much of the sun’s ultraviolet light from reaching the earth. Degradation of this layer can cause an increase in skin cancer and a reduction of crop yields. As CFCs escape from junked or faulty compressors and hoses, or when used as solvents, they rise to the stratosphere. There they are transformed by ultraviolet radiation into chlorine atoms, which play a role in catalytic ozone depletion.

Scientists estimate that since the late 1950s, the ozone layer over Europe and North America has decreased by 10%. And the United Nations World Meteorological Organization announced that the largest hole ever measured in the earth’s ozone layer – a 3.86 million square mile gap – existed over Antarctica. As negative ozone figures kept coming in, developed countries agreed to eliminate the production of CFCs, except for a few essential uses. The “essential” exceptions allow for the production of CFCs for use as propellants in aerosol sprays for use by asthmatics, and for the use of small quantities in laboratories.

To accelerate tje switch to new equipment that can use alternative refrigerants, the United States levied a hefty, annually graduated excise tax on all new and imported CFCs, beginning in 1990.

CFCs are mélange of chemicals compounds. Their designations were developed by DuPont in the 1930s as an esoteric code intended to keep competitors from knowing the product’s chemical makeup. That code has long since been revealed and is used by the entire industry. The most widely used compound is CFCs-12, also known as R-12, which carries the DuPont trade name Freon. Its primary use is a refrigerant in residential refrigerators and mobile air conditioners. The automotive industry used about half the worldwide production of CFCs-12, or some 125 million pounds per year. Other CFCs , such as 12,113, 114 and 115, are used in the production of foam rubber and rigid insulating foam for appliances and construction, and as solvents, especially in the electronics industry. All of these CFCs are being replaced with an equally number of hydrofluorocarbons or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, known as HFCs and HCFCs, respectively.

Yet these replacements for CFCs are no panacea. It is known, for example, that HCFCs can also deplete the earth’s ozone layer at a considerably slower rate than do CFCs. To address this problem, the 1992 meeting in Copenhagen also adopted a complex phaseout schedule for HCFCs. The agreement calls for the reduction of HCFCs in five stages beginning in 2004, with a total phaseout by 2030. And, although HCFCs have not been associated with ozone depletion, both they and HCFCs have recently been cited as possible acid rain culprits.