Examination ticket № 21
Some advantages of incorporating operations into traditional design processes include:…
Increasing the benefits derived them a given infrastructure investment.
Designing a safer facility for users, emergency responders, maintenance staff, and other operators.
Designing for future work zones so that road users experience less interruption.
Reducing the costs for future operational and ITS(intelligent transportation systems) deployments
Reducing congestion and improving travel time reliability.
Active traffic management (ATM)is the dynamic management of recurrent and non-recurrent congestion based on current and forecasted traffic conditions. ATM focuses on maximizing trip reliability through approaches that seek to increase throughput and safety through the use of integrated systems and new technology. ATM includes the automatic and dynamic deployment of MO strategies to optimize performance quickly and avoid the delay that occurs with manual deployment. Some ATM strategies, such as ramp metering and variable speed limits, have been successfully (implemented within many parts of the U.S)
Write the formula for calculating the workshop production area
Workshop production area is determined by following formula:
where
fa – area of automobile;
X – number of posts;
КП - post placement density coefficient (depends on workshop posts layout, e.g., parallel layout КП = 6-7 and opposite layout КП = 4-5) [2, page 69].
Examination ticket № 22
There are several agencies that have adopted effective approaches for integrating operations considerations into the design of transportation infrastructure.The example highlighted below illustrate a range of practices,from consideration of operational improvements as part of a project design prior to programming the project, to the use of ITS design manuals and guidelines.A few of the examples showcase collaboration between designers,operations experts,and professionals with other areas of expertise to ensure that project designs take into account a broad range of needs.Reasons for the disconnect between design and operations include the lack of policies that support the integration of M&O considerations into design as a routine way of doing business and the lack of involvement of internal and external facility operators during the project development process.
Proper design and management of intersection traffic signalization is essential to optimizing the operation of arterial roadways.Designers must consider the overall corridor and roadway network signalization concept when designing a project for individual intersections.Questions about managing queues,operating speeds,safety modeling,and impats due to growth in traffic and increases in pedestrian and bicycle moels need to be addressed.Designers should provide for in-pavement loops or other traffic monitoring devices to allow for operational assesments,including signal timing and progression.
Write the formula for calculating the workshop sections area
Workshop sections area is determined by following formula:
where
f1– area is calculated for first worker [2, page 70];
f2– area is calculated for following workers after the firstc[2, page 70];
PT–technology required workers.
EXAMINATION TICKET № 23
1. From the consideration of operational improvements as part of a project design prior to programming the project, to the use of ITS (intelligent transportation systems) design manuals and guidelines. Please, continue.
Designers must consider the overall corridor and roadway network signalization concept when designing a project for individual intersections.Questions about managing queues,operating speeds,safety modeling,and impats due to growth in traffic and increases in pedestrian and bicycle moels need to be addressed.Designers should provide for in-pavement loops or other traffic monitoring devices to allow for operational assesments,including signal timing and progression.
2. Designers should check for operational impacts due to deviations from these guidelines.Please, continue. when implementing context-sensitive solutions such as road diets and adding bicycle facilities, the operational impacts of the following should be considered:
-intersection traffic control (pre timed, actuated, coordinated, adaptive control, roundabout) selection requires a detailed analysis to balance cost, travel time and delay for all modes as well as other defined operational parameters.
- median treatments (e.g. pedestrain refage, center turn lanes, raised medians) these treatments can impact the overall safety for all users of the facility, access to adjoining property and efficiency for all modes
-multimodal transportation facilities, this including bus stops or turnouts and bicycle lanes
3. Write the formula for calculating the administrative buildings area
where:
0,15-percent of the total number
-area
per worker
EXAMINATION TICKET № 24
1. Due to the major cost of providing new capacity, agencies have started to focus on operations as a tool to maximize the efficiency of transportation networks. Please, continue. but even as operations is beginning to hold an elevated status, operations and design are still too often disconnected in transportation agencies. When transportation operations, planning, and roadway design occur in separate within organization or region, awareness and understanding of the need to design for operations among agency staff and management is limited, and opportunities to maximize the performance of infrastructure investments are last
2. Managing access is a primary strategy for improving operations on an arterial. Please, continue. many agencies have guidelines on design elements such as driveway spacing, corner clearance from major intersections or interchanges, and the optimum location of signal and roundabout. While these provide foundational knowledge to apply to arterials, designers cannot expect to follow the guidelines exactly, as adjustment are often necessary.
3. Write the formula for calculating the administrative buildings area
where:
0,15-percent of the total number
-area per worker
Ticket 25
1)
The key to integrating planning, design, and operations is for all the the players involved to understand their respective levels of focus and to develop tools and mechanisms for communication.
Open and regular communication between care members of the project design team practice will be considered during the design process.High-level support within an agency and a collaborative approach to infrastructure are needed.
The personnel who facilitate roadway operation include both transportation agency staff and outside stakeholders, such as transit operators, emergency responders, freight operators, emergency responders, freight operators and special event operators. By embracing input from outside stakeholders, a transportation agency an design a facility that enables management and operations theve by enhancing safety and the overall transportation experience.
2)
Cooperation of municipalities
Managing and actively managing traffic conditions and intersection and signalization.
Other arterial management strategies to consider include traffic management during construction, turn lanes, bus turnouts, crosswalks. Layout, and alternative intersection design such displaced left turn intersection and U-turn intersection.
Because arterials often fall under the jurisdiction of different agencies, managing arterials properly requires. Cooperation and collaboration with neighboring communities. A project under the jurisdiction should achieve a level of operation similar to the rest of the corridor. In order to accomplish this agencies may need to form agreements.
3)
Domestic premises area:
(24)
hence,
Ticket 26
1)
This reinforces the importance of agency wide and policies and management support in advancing designing for operations. In addition, decision regarding project goals, scope, and budget constrains are often made well before a project advances into design , so project development staff or supporting contractors should also be highly involved in working to integrate operations considerations into projects from their inceptions.
Another barrier to operations considerations in design is that when M&O strategies are proposed for inclusion into a roadway infrast. design, the additional costs to do so may be construed as an unwarranted accessary. When project cost expand beyond established budgets, operations features such as ITS and emergency responders facilities may be cut because they are deemed non-essential or low priority.
However, not fully accounting for operations in design often times. Results in higher log term cost. This is especially true in cases where future operational deployments are planned. For ex. It is much more cost effective to place conduct along a corridor when future signalized intersection improvements are planned on constant full depth shoulders for possible expansion or lane shift than it is to install there treatments offer the primary roadwork is completed.
2)
Design of freeway, arterial and bridge projects must consider impacts on the operations of the local transportation network. Agencies must work together regardless of justidition to ensure the proper strategies are put in the place to mitigate the impacts on the surrounding network. Successfully managing the safety and performance or arterials involves the following core functions:
Coorperation of municipalities
Managing access for all modes, and
Monitoring and actively managing traffic conditions and intersection globalization.
Other arterial management strategies to consider include traffic management during construction alternative actour routes , bus burnouts crosswalks, layout ann alternative intersection designs such as displace left-turn intersection and turn-intersections. Because arterials often tall under the jurisdiction of different agencies, managing arterials properly requires cooperation and collaboration with neighbouring communities.
3) Customers premises area:
where
X – number of work post;
fКП – specific area for one person, fКП =2,5 [3, page 28].
Билет 27
1. When project costs expand beyond established budgets, operations features such as ITS and emergency responder facilities may be cut because they are deemed non-essential or low priority.Please, continue.
However, not funny accounting for operations design of oftentimes results in higher long-term costs. This is especially true in cases where future operational deployment are planned. For example it is much more cost effective to place conduit along a corridor where future signalized intersection improvement are planned or construct full-depth shoulders for possible expansion or lane shifts than it is to install these treatment often the primary roadwork is completed. to minimize the value from an infrastructure investment, transportation agencies must consider the full range of alternatives and full life-cycle cost implications and then implement the most practical solution. Service life and ongoing maintenance costs of the investment must be added to project costs, while also factoring road user and environment costs.
2. Since ITS is used to monitor and manage the freeway, the locations of devices are crucial.Please, continue.
For example, a DMS displaying a message to travelers about the congestion they are currently sitting in is not located in a place where it can have maximum effectiveness. Rather than locating the sing where is available right-of-way, the sing should be located to improve the operation of the facility.
Considerations such as sun grave, guide sing spacing. Spacing from the next interchange, and visibility due to horizontal or vertical currature are just a few of the design considerations for placement of a DMS, as well as for often freeway management strategies. To embrace designing for operations, designers must explore these considerations, within the trancework of the overall design of the facility.
3. Write the formula for calculating the automobile parts selling shop area Automobile parts selling shop area is accepted 30% of customers premises area:
where
FКП - customers premises area.
Билет 28
1. Designing for operations requires a change in the way transportation agencies conduct business.Please, continue.
Mainstreaming operations considerations in the project design process requires an agency to develop specific policies and formal procedures. By going so, agencies ensure that designing for operations will occur on a routine, consistent basis that transcends the effort of one or two individual champions.
This often takes place in organizations where operations is elevated in organizational structure as well as in management priorities. Complementing internal high-level support, transportation agencies must take a collaborative approach to designing for operations that includes personnel who facilitate roadway operations, such as transportation agency staff, and other operators.
2. During the design phase for freeways, many operational strategies need to be accommodated.Please, continue.
Design for non-recurring congestion caused by weather events, accidents, construction, emergency repairs, and other events must be integral to the physical design of the facility. As technology has become more integrated with the transportation system, the opportunity to utilize ITS and other means to manage freeways has become more prevalent.
Various devices and systems placed on freeways, including CCTV, dynamic message sings, and ramp meters, have changed the way freeways are operated, but have not adequately changed the way they are designed. ITS and other technologies are too often treated as an often thought in the design process, designers tend to “fit them in” rather than design optimal locations for them.