Герундій (the gerund)

Герундій (The Gerund) — це неособова форма дієслова із закінченням -ing, що має властивості дієслова й іменника. Як і інфінітив, герундій називає дію: reading - читання, listening - слухання. В українській мові немає форми, яка відповідала б герундію. Слова читання, слухання — іменники, що утворились від дієслів, але не мають граматичних ознак дієслова.

I like reading books. Я люблю читати книжки.

She began preparing food. Вона почала готувати їжу.

Герундій має неозначену й перфектну форми, вживається в активному і пасивному стані. За формою герундій збігається з відповідними формами Present Participle.

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Неозначена форма герундія (Indefinite Gerund) вживається:

1. для вираження дії, одночасної з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком речення.

Не sat without turning his head. - Він сидів, не обертаючись.

She is interested in collecting stamps. - Вона цікавиться колекціонуванням марок.

2) для вираження дії безвідносно до якогось певного часу:

Seeing is believing. Бачити — значить вірити.

3) після дієслів to intend - мати намір, to suggest - пропонувати, to insist - наполягати та деяких інших Indefinite Gerund виражає майбутню дію по відношенню до дії, вираженої дієсловом-присудком.

He had intended writing him. - Він мав намір написати йому.

He insisted on telling her how it happened. - Він наполягав на тому, щоб розказати їй, як це сталося.

Перфектна форма герундія (Perfect Gerund) виражає дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком речення.

Thank you for having helped me. - Дякую, що допомогли мені.

I remember having invited him. - Я пам’ятаю, що запрошував його.

Exercise 1. Which of the sentences the gerund is used? / У якому з речень використовується герундій?

1. Bob and Ann are playing tennis.

2. I heard some surprising news.

3. Walking is good exercise.

4. Reading her newspaper, she fell asleep.

5. The applying of these fertilisers will not cost much money.

Exercise 2. Read and translate into Ukrainian language / Прочитайте та перекладіть на українську мову.

1. He likes translating scientific articles from English into Ukrainian.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. After having changed the temperature twice, he decided to change conditions of the experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The manager has finished dictating a text to her secretary.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Having been read and corrected by the secretary, the text contained no mistakes.

______________________________________________________________________________

5. On carrying out his experiments, he could make a lot of calculations.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Instead of translating the article himself, he asked his friend to do it.

______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Complete each sentence with a gerund (-ing). Use the verb in brackets / Допоовніть кожне речення з герундіем. Використовуйте дієслова в дужках.

1. Kate is good at (run) running

2. (take) ________________________a long walk is relaxing.

3. What do you think of (collect)___________________stamps?

4. (eat)________________________too much isn’t healthy.

5. All my friends like (play)____________________basketball.

6. (shout)______________________at people is rude!

7. Is Harry interested in __________________________(sail) ?

8. (cross) ___________________________the road here is dangerous.

9. Do you feel like (go)____________________to the cinema?

10. (jog)_______________________is good for you.

Exercise 4. Change each sentence so that it starts with a gerund (-ing) / Змініть кожне речення так, щоб воно починалось з герундія.

1. It’s tiring to study late at night.

Studying late at night is tiring.

2. It’s hard to get up early.

_________________________________________________________________

3. It takes time to learn a language.

_________________________________________________________________

4. You are forbidden to park here.

_________________________________________________________________

5. It’s interesting to visit other countries.

_________________________________________________________________

6. You are not allowed to talk.

_________________________________________________________________

7. It’s wrong to copy other people!

_________________________________________________________________

8. It’s relaxing to listen to music.

_________________________________________________________________

………….…….BRITISH TRADITIONS AND CEREMONIES………….……….

VERB + GERUND
LIKE ADORE LOVE ENJOY PREFER FORGET HATE STOP CAN’T STAND DON’T MIND FINISH LOOK FORWARD TO	doing cooking seeing swimming telling singing riding reading smoking looking
VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
LIKE AGREE LEARN CHOOSE STOP OFFER DECIDE WANT FINISH EXPECT REFUSE FORGET SEEM HELP HOPE WOULD LIKE WOULD LOVE WOULD PREFER WOULD HATE	To eat To decide to do to come to cook to listen to buy to call to say to go to sleep to work to speak to stay to run

ВЖИВАННЯ ГЕРУНДІЯ ТА ІНФІНІТИВА ПІСЛЯ ПЕВНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ

VERB + SOMEBODY + TO + INFINITIVE
ADVISE ALLOW ASK BEG ENCOURAGE HELP NEED INVITE ORDER REMIND TELL WANT WOULD LIKE WOULD LOVE WOULD PREFER	me him her you them someone Kate my my friend		to do to go to come to tell to know to remember to listen to to buy to call to say to go to sleep
VERB + SOMEBODY + INFINITIVE (БЕЗ TO)
LET MAKE	her us	do go stay

Exercise 1. Complete sixteen sentences using GERUNDS and INFINITIVES. / Завершити шістнадцять речень, використовуючи ГЕРУНДИИ чи ІНФІНІТИВИ.

1. My friend really enjoys ... books and magazines.

a) to read

b) reading

c) to reads

2. ... enough sleep is very important for good health.

a) Getting

b) Get

c) Is getting

3. ... is not allowed inside the building. You should go outside.

a) Smoke

b) Smokes

c) Smoking

4. I love ... a cup of tea in the early afternoon.

a) to drink

b) drink

c) to drinking

5. Thomas usually ... TV after he gets home from school.

a) watches

b) to watch

c) watching

6. I really dislike ... on holidays and weekends.

a) working

b) to work

c) work

7. ... along the beach is a great way to relax.

a) Walk

b) Walking

c) Walks

8. (A) Do you like ... Italian food?

(B) Yes, I do.

a) eat

b) to eating

c) to eat

9. I think that. a second language is fun.

a) learn

b) learning

c) to learning

10. Steven dislikes ... , so he usually takes a bus to work.

a) to drive

b) diving

c) drives

11. I like ..., but unfortunately I’m not very good at it.

a) to cook

b) cook

c) cooks

12. ... at this beach is not allowed after sunset.

a) To swimming

b) Swim

c) Swimming

13. Jennifer wants ... her friend in San Francisco next week.

a) to visit

b) visits

c) visiting

14. I ... one or two cups of coffee every morning.

a) to drink

b) drinking

c) drink

15. (A) Do you ... every day?

(B) No, I don’t.

a) exercising

b) exercise

c) to exercise

16. ... is a great exercise, but you should remember to wear a helmet.

a) Cycles

b) Cycle

c) Cycling

Exercise 2. Complete sixteen sentences using GERUNDS and INFINITIVES. / Завершити шістнадцять речень, використовуючи ГЕРУНДИИ чи ІНФІНІТИВИ

1. My family and I really enjoy …the park on weekends.

a) to go

b) going

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

2. We decided ... to France and Germany on our summer holiday.

a) to travel

b) traveling

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

3. – Let's watch that new movie. – No, I hate ... horror movies. a: to watch

a) to watch

b) watching

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

4. My friend doesn't want ... out today because he's sick.

a) to go

b) going

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

5. I love ... in my free time. I often go to a shopping mall with my friends.

a) to window shop

b) window shopping

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

6. We agreed ... our car for a cheaper price.

a) to sell

b) selling

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

7. – Did you remember ... the email? – Oh, no! I forgot!

a) to send

b) sending

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

8. Thomas wants ... at that restaurant because he likes Italian food.

a) to eat

b) eating

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

9. She started ... very quickly to her classroom.

a) to walk

b) walking

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

10. I miss ... long walks along the beach.

a) to take

b) taking

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

11. My mother asked me ... her clean the house.

a) to help

b) helping

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

12. After a few more hours, it continued…

a) to rain

b) raining

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

13. Do you feel like ... to eat at a restaurant?

3) to go out

b) going out

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

14. We are planning on ... a meeting tomorrow afternoon.

a) to have

b) having

c) both ‘a’ and 'b' are correct

15. Suddenly, my friend began ... when he smelled the flower

a) to sneeze

b) sneezing

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

16. I invited my friends ... to my birthday party next week.

a) to come

b) corning

c) both 'a' and 'b' are correct

Exercise 3. Open the brackets, using verbs in appropriate passive / Відкрийте дужки, використовуючи дієслова у відповідній пасивній формі.

1. The printing press (invent) ___________________ in the fifteenth century. 2. Gold (mine) _________________ in mines. 3. Last night we (invite) __________________ to the restaurant by our friends from Spain. 4. Italy and France (visit) _____________________ by millions of tourists every year. 5. Russia (invade) ____________________ by Napoleon. 6. The menu in our bar (change) __________________ every week. 7. Nowadays oil (transport) ___________________ in large ships. 8. These raspberries are fresh; they (pick) _________________ in the morning. 9. Today rugby football (play) ___________________ in many countries. 10. Many people (kill) _________________ in road accidents every year. 11. The United Nations Organization (found) ______________________ in 1945.

Exercise 4. Select the correct form of the verb: am / is / are. Виберіть правильну дієсловну форму

1. It ______ surprising how popular American music is around the world.

2.What ______ your aunt’s name?

3.Tom’s parents ______ travel agents.

4. In my opinion, it ______ too soon to make a decision.

5.The streets ______ wet.

6.The new models ______ less expensive.

7.I ______ worried about it, and he ______ also.

8.She ______ famous not only in the United States, but also abroad.

9.His arms ______ so long that he can’t find shirts to fit him.

10.It ______ (not) far from the university, is it?

11.Bob ______ absent, he must be sick again.

12. ______ Tom and Bob good players?

Exercise 5. Put these sentences into the PAST. Use past form of verb “TO BE“.Поставити ці речення в минулому часі. Використовувати форми дієслова “бути“в минулому часі.

T O D A Y	Y E S T E R D A Y
Example:
I am at home.	I was at home
1. Jane and Michael are tired.
2. She’s in the park.
3. It’s a sunny day.
4. You’re late.
5. They aren’t hungry.
6. We aren’t at work.
7. I’m thirsty.
8. You aren’t at school.
9. We’re at the cinema.
10.Paula isn’t happy.
11.Everyone is excited.

UNIT 2…………………………………………………THE USA – THE COUNTRY OF GREAT DIVERSITY

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA