7. How is Phonetics connected with stylistics? Give examples.

Stylistics is the science which studies expressiveness of the language. This expressiveness may be rended through the vocabulary(e.g. interjections), through the grammatic structures (you are being very rude!) and through the phonetic means of the language. (sound imitation: to buzz, alliteration: care killed the cat; the rhythm of the text written in prose and so on). Many present day cases of pronounciation of words may seem unexplainable according to the existing rules. E.g. opera The pronouncation of this words is explained by history of the language. E.g. “prouve” was borrowed from French. The pronunciation of the word was so peculiar for the English hearing that for them it was closer to [u] in sounding In each case of so called unexplainable pronunciation there is some historical explanation.

8. How is Phonetics connected with non-linguistic sciences?

Phonetics is connected with linguistic and non-linguistic sciences: acoustics, physiology, psychology, logic, etc.

The connection of phonetics with grammar, lexicology and styl­istics is exercised first of all via orthography, which in its turn is very closely connected with phonetics.

Phonetics formulates the rules of pronunciation for separate sounds and sound combinations. The rules of reading are based on the relation of sounds to orthography and present certain difficulties in learning the English language, especially on the initial stage of stud­ying. Thus, vowel sounds, for instance, are pronounced not only as we name the letters corresponding to them: the letter a as /ei/, the letter e as i'v.l, the letter i as /ai/, the letter у as /wai/, the letter u as i{j)n:l, the letter о as /эй/, jnq a can be pronounced as: /ae/— can, /a/ — car, 7sa/—care-, e can be pronounced as: Id—them, [з:1—fern, libl—here, etc.

9. How is Phonetics connected with physics? Give examples

Phonetics is connected with physics because speech like any other sounds in nature are acoustic phenomena and may be studied from the point of view of their physical properties

For example acoustic phonetics is the branch of phonetics and acoustic phonetics comes close to studying physics.

10.How is Phonetics connected with anatomy and physiology? Give examples

Anatomy and Physiology in the case of human speech production, these involve the various elements of human anatomy and physiology. For example, the sound-generating aspects of human anatomy share the physical system with other functions: air movement in lung and tongue and teeth

11. What are the aspects of speech sounds?

Articulatory aspect- studies sound producing mechanism

Acoustic aspect- studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker*s mouth and listener*s ear

Auditory –studies the hearing process

Functional aspect- studies the way in which sound phenomena function in a particular language, how they are utilized in that language

12. What are the 3 main branches of phonetics?

Phonetics has three main branches

.

1)Articulatory phonetics

is concerned with the positions andmovements of the speech organs such as the lips and the tonguein producing sounds.

2)Acoustic phonetics

is concerned with the physical properties of the sound waves.

3)Auditory phonetics

is concerned with the perception of thespeech sounds or the effect on the ear.

13. What does physiological phonetics study and what is its method of investigation

Physiological phonetics studies the auditory aspect of speech sounds. Its oldest and simplest method of investigation is the method of direct observation, which may be visual and auditory

14. What does acoustic phonetics study and what is its method of investigation?

The branch of phonetics, which is concerned with the study of the acoustic aspect of speech sounds, is called acoustic phonetics. It is one of the youngest sciences and deals with the physical properties of a sound. The principal methods used in acoustic phonetics are experimental ones. The acoustic properties are investigated by means of the following instrumental techniques; the intonograph, the sound spectograph, the cassette-recorder and others.

15. What does phonology study and what are its methods of investigation

Phonology is the study of the sound system of languages. It’s method of investigation – commutation method (discovery of minimal pairs). The minimal pair is a pair of words differentiated with the help of 2 phonemes occurring in the identical position (ban – tan). The methods of substitution (replace 1 for another) e.g. ban – tan – fan – can is a minimal set

16. What does General Phonetics study?

General phonetics – studies general laws, formulates general theories (theory of intonation, syllable, formation, phoneme)

17. What does Special Phonetics study?

Special (descriptive) phonetics studies a particular language (phonetic system).

18. What does Historical Phonetics study?

Historical phonetics studies all kinds of written documents and literature of ancient periods, compares pronunciation in different periods.

19. What does Comparative Phonetics study?

The comparative study (in the structure/mode/way of pronunciation, articulation, phonetics, or whatever; that is, in the difference of speaking mouth postures and resultant speaking weight/force center points) between English/foreign languages and the mother tongue, for better (more practical/effective/smooth) hearing/speaking of English/foreign languages.

20. What does Practical Phonetics study?

Practical applications of the phonetics are manifold. It is necessary in methods of teaching the pronunciation of a foreign language. It can be also applied in methods of speech correction , teaching deaf-mutes, in film doubling .

21. What does Theoretical Phonetics study?

Each branch of the phonetics aims at the further development of one of the basic linguistic problems such as synchronic study and description of the phonetic system of a national language, the comparative analysis and description of phonetic systems of different languages and the study of the correspondences between them.

22. What are the four speech mechanisms and how they function?

According to the main sound producing function can create into 4 mechanisms. The first the power mechanism, the second the vibrator mechanism, the third the obstructer mechanism, the fourth the resonator mechanism. Each speech sound is the result of the complex.

23. What is the function of the power mechanism and what speech organs belong to it?

One of the components of the power mechanism is the lungs that contain the air. Another component is the bronchial tubes that converge into the windpipe forming a nozzle out in which the air that was compressed is released. The ribs and the other bones, the cartilage and the other tissues are also belonging to the motor part. They serve to hold the motor in place, giving leverage for the application of power.

24. What is the function of the vibrator mechanism and what speech organs belong to it?

The vibrators are the second part of the speech mechanism. When the air is compressed in the lungs, it will be then directed into the larynx passing through the trachea. The larynx also called as Adam’s apple contains a group of small cartilage that are joined together, the larynx contain the vibrating unit.

25. What is the function of the obstructor mechanism and what speech organs belong to it?

The obstructor mechanism consists of the tongue, the lips, the teeth,

the soft palate, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge. The function of the obstructor

mechanism is to produce consonant sounds. It should be borne in mind that the

four mechanisms work simultaneously and that each speech sound is the result of

the simultaneous work of all of them.

25. What is the function of the resonator mechanism and what speech organs belong to it?

The resonator mechanism consists of the pharynx, the larynx, the mouth

cavity and the nasal cavity. The function of the resonator mechanism is to produce

vowel sounds.

25. What speech mechanism is responsible for the production of consonants?

The obstructor mechanism

25. What speech mechanism is responsible for the production of vowels?

The resonator mechanism

25. What are the four main principles of vowel classification?

Soviet phoneticians suggest a classification of vowels according to the following principles:

I. Position of the lips.

II. Position of the tongue.

3. Degree of tenseness and the character of the end.

4. Length.

V. Stability of articulation.

25. What are the four main principles of consonant classification?

Classificatory principles suggested by Soviet phoneticians provide the basis for the establishment of the following distinctive opposi­tions in the system of consonants of the English language.

I. Work of the Vocal Cords and the Force of Exhalation

Voiceless—fort is vs_t voiced—lenis

2. Active Organ of Speech and the Place of Articulation

This principle of consonant classification provides the basts for the following distinctive oppositions:

(1) Labial vs. lingual

3. Manner of the Production of Noise

This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions: (1) Occlusive (stops) vs. constictive

4. Position of the Soft Palate

This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions. Oral vs. nasal