- •Introduction
- •Basic concepts of probability theory
- •Classical definition of probability
- •Relative frequency
- •Geometric probabilities
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 1
- •Exercises for Homework 1
- •Basic formulas of combinatorial analysis
- •Operations over events
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 2
- •Exercises for Homework 2
- •Theorem of addition of probabilities of incompatible events
- •Complete group of events
- •Opposite events
- •Conditional probability
- •Theorem of multiplication of probabilities
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 3
- •Exercises for Homework 3
- •Independent events
- •Where a is the appearance of at least one of the events a1, a2, …, An; .
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 4
- •Exercises for Homework 4
- •Theorem of addition of probabilities of compatible events
- •Formula of total probability
- •Probability of hypotheses. Bayes’s formulas.
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 5
- •Exercises for Homework 5
- •Repetition (recurrence) of trials. The Bernoulli formula
- •Local theorem of Laplace
- •Integral theorem of Laplace
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 6
- •Exercises for Homework 6
- •Random variables. The law of distribution of a discrete random variable
- •A random variable is understood as a variable which as result of a trial takes one of the possible set of its values (which namely – it is not beforehand known).
- •Mathematical operations over random variables
- •(Mathematical) expectation of a discrete random variable
- •Dispersion of a discrete random variable
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 7
- •Exercises for Homework 7
- •Distribution function of a random variable
- •Properties of a distribution function
- •Continuous random variables. Probability density
- •Properties of probability density
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 8
- •Exercises for Homework 8
- •Basic laws of distribution of discrete random variables
- •1. Binomial law of distribution
- •2. The law of distribution of Poisson
- •3. Geometric distribution
- •4. Hypergeometric distribution
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 9
- •Exercises for Homework 9
- •Basic laws of distribution of continuous random variables
- •1. The uniform law of distribution
- •2. Exponential law of distribution
- •3. Normal law of distribution
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 10
- •Exercises for Homework 10
- •The law of large numbers and limit theorems
- •The central limit theorem
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 11
- •Exercises for Homework 11
- •Mathematical statistics. Variation series and their characteristics
- •Numerical characteristics of variation series
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 12
- •Exercises for Homework 12
- •Bases of the mathematical theory of sampling
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 13
- •Exercises for Homework 13
- •Methods of finding of estimations
- •Notion of interval estimation
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 14
- •Exercises for Homework 14
- •Testing of statistical hypotheses
- •Glossary
- •Exercises for Seminar 15
- •Exercises for Homework 15
- •Individual homeworks
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •Variant 4
- •Variant 5
- •Variant 6
- •Variant 7
- •Variant 8
- •Variant 9
- •Variant 10
- •Variant 11
- •Variant 12
- •Variant 13
- •Variant 14
- •Variant 15
- •Variant 16
- •Variant 17
- •Variant 18
- •Variant 19
- •Variant 20
- •Variant 21
- •Variant 22
- •Variant 23
- •Variant 24
- •Variant 25
- •Final exam trial tests (for self-checking)
- •Appendix
- •Values the functions and
- •List of the used books
- •Contents
Variant 18
1. A coin is tossed four times. Find the probability that a) the coin lands on heads three times; b) the coin lands on tails twice.
2. There are radio tubes made by two factories on a warehouse. 60 % of them are made by the first factory and 40 % – by the second. It is known that 85 of 100 tubes made by the first factory satisfy the standard, and 75 of 100 tubes made by the second factory satisfy the standard. Determine the probability that a randomly taken tube from the warehouse will satisfy the standard.
3. Assuming that the probability of landing six aces at one tossing a die is equal to 1/6, determine the probability that in a series of 100 tossings the die lands on six aces: a) exactly 20 times; b) from 18 up to 30 times.
4. The laws of distribution of two independent random variables are given by the following tables of distribution:
X |
–2 |
–1 |
0 |
|
Y |
–1 |
0 |
1 |
P |
0,1 |
0,6 |
0,3 |
|
P |
0,4 |
0,1 |
0,5 |
Compose the law of distribution of their product and check the following property: M(X Y) = M(X) M(Y).
5. A random variable X is given by the integral function:
Find: a) the differential function f(x); b) the mathematical expectation and the dispersion of X; c) the probability of hit of the random variable into the interval (2; 5).
6. The mathematical expectation and the dispersion of a normally distributed random variable X are equal to 26 and 9 respectively. Find: a) the probability that the random variable X will take on a value from the interval (20; 29); b) the probability that the deviation X – M(X) will be no more than 1 by absolute value.
7. The discrete random variable X is given by the law of distribution:
-
X
2
3
4
P
0,6
0,1
0,3
By using the Chebyshev’s inequality estimate the probability that the absolute value of deviation of the random variable from its mathematical expectation less than 3.
8. The following data on monthly loading (in hours) of a separate worker have been received after inspecting 100 commercial banks:
771 |
753 |
762 |
751 |
761 |
735 |
772 |
743 |
746 |
756 |
751 |
761 |
752 |
786 |
752 |
775 |
756 |
797 |
771 |
772 |
775 |
764 |
749 |
767 |
763 |
758 |
762 |
762 |
747 |
763 |
764 |
774 |
766 |
772 |
777 |
767 |
773 |
761 |
746 |
757 |
759 |
761 |
787 |
752 |
799 |
761 |
798 |
752 |
761 |
787 |
756 |
739 |
778 |
793 |
768 |
771 |
778 |
788 |
781 |
771 |
759 |
787 |
775 |
747 |
753 |
748 |
754 |
761 |
762 |
764 |
785 |
764 |
763 |
765 |
753 |
755 |
758 |
786 |
761 |
775 |
766 |
761 |
752 |
745 |
771 |
754 |
799 |
769 |
738 |
749 |
743 |
755 |
777 |
758 |
774 |
778 |
763 |
789 |
747 |
754 |
1) Compose the interval and the discrete variation series taking the beginning of the first interval equal 730, and the width of each interval equal 10.
2) Construct the histogram and the polygon of relative frequencies of distribution.
3) Find the mode and the median (using the discrete series).
4) Find empirical functions of distribution of continuous and discrete variation series; and construct their graphs.
