Предисловие

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса дневной формы обучения всех специальностей о направлении подготовки. Структура пособия представлена следующими темами: Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering и The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Все разделы учебного пособия имеют единую структуру и включают следующие блоки: Before you start (введение), Reading (тексты), Language (формально-тренировочные упражнения), Speaking (коммуникативно-содержательные упражнения), Writing (задания, направленные на формирование навыков письменной речи), Vocabulary (базовая лексика каждого раздела).

Базовые тексты представлены описательными текстами, которые тематически связаны друг с другом и касаются различных сторон темы или расширяют ее. При подборе текстов авторы исходили из методической концепции неразрывности процесса познания и развития навыков работы с текстовым материалом и навыков устной и письменной речи, а также опирались на принцип реализации междисциплинарных связей.

Текстовый материал, предтекстовые и послетекстовые задания направлены на совершенствование речевых навыков студентов неязыковых специальностей путем обучения восприятию и осмыслению прочитанного текста, активизации словарного запаса и речевых структур в процессе репродукции информативного содержания текста.

Все задания построены на активной лексике раздела, часть заданий построена на связных текстах небольшого объема, которые являются дополнительным источником информации по теме раздела. Помимо языковых заданий, даются задания на развитие навыков устной речи. Задания, предлагаемые в блоке Speaking, носят творческий характер и направлены на формирование коммуникативных навыков в условно-заданных речевых ситуациях, а также творческого мышления и умения формулировать собственное мнение.

Целью заданий блока Writing является формирование навыков академического письма.

	PART I
	Unit I
	General Information on Education

I. Read and translate.

Education.

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, values of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through discussion, teaching, training, and /or research. Education may also include informal transmission of such information from one human being to another. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but learners may also educate themselves (autodidactic learning). Education can take place in formal or informal settings.

Formal education.

Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually formal education takes place in a school environment, with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained teacher. On successful results of secondary education a person receives a Certificate of high secondary school education, which gives him the right for entering any higher education establishment.

Higher education.

Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.

University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level. Universities are generally composed of several Institutes. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.

Higher education is provided by state and private accredited higher education institutions (universities, academies, institutes, etc.) Education in state universities is often free of charge - mostly for those students who show higher results at entrance exams. However, approximately one-third of the students pay tuition fees. In private higher education institutions all students have to pay for tuition.

Higher education in Russia is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for the accreditation and licensing of educational institutions and for developing and maintaining the state educational standards.

There are three levels of higher education: Incomplete higher education (2 years at least); Basic higher education (4, 5 or 6 years) leading to a 1.Bachelor's, 2.Specialist's or 3.Master's degree; Postgraduate education.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is education in its general sense?

2. What does university education include?

3. How many levels of higher education do you know and what are they?

4. What institutions is higher education provided by?

5. Whom for is education free of charge in state universities?