II. Learn the vocabulary to the text:

Suction excavator – вакуумный экскаватор

Debris – лом, строительный мусор, обломки пород

Suction pipe- отсасывающий трубопровод

Suction nozzle – всасывающее сопло, входной патрубок

Handle – ручка, рукоятка, рычаг управления

To uncover – вскрывать пласт, открывать

Water jet – водяная форсунка, водомёт, гидромонитор

Suction hose – заборный всасывающий шланг

Contractor – рабочий; контрактор (лицо или организация, устанавливающая контрактные отношения)

Daylighting – вскрышные работы, вскрытие пласта

Congestion – затор, переполненность, закупорка

Heavy-duty – сверхпрочный, сверхмощный, тяжёлого типа

Miscellaneous – разный, разнородный, различный

Rubble – мелкий камень, щебень

III. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Трубка для вдувания воздуха, автоцистерна для откачки и вывоза содержимого водосточных колодцев, металлический ковш, путевой балласт, путём мощного всасывания, мусор, корни деревьев, археологическая раскопка, вода под высоким давлением, требуемый размер, сжатый воздух, замёрзшая земля, копка бассейна, большие скопления опавших листьев, тип раскапываемого материала,

IV. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Collar, suction-release opening, to snag on the teeth, bulk excavation, construction vehicle, hole on land, powerful suction, the suction inlet air speed, grille, to cut earth, hydro excavation, best practice, the chance of utility strikes, existing buried services, conventional excavator, the required size and proportion, risk of damaging, to suck off, the diversity of the use.

V. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What is a suction excavator?

2. How many handles may the suction nozzle have?

3. What helps to cut earth when use for excavation?

4. Vacuum excavation is a best practice for safely locating and witnessing underground utilities, isn’t it?

5. Can suction excavators be used for archeological excavating?

6. Why is the risk of damaging underground utilities less during suction excavation?

7. Enumerate the functions of a suction excavator.

4. Retell the information of the text.

UNIT VII

TYPES OF CRANES AND

OTHER KIND OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT

TEXT I

Crane

I. Read and translate the text using the words given below:

A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

The first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sometimes sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.

There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane must not topple; third, the crane must not rupture.