Причастие (The Participle)

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия. Существуют две формы причастия: причастие 1 (Participle I) и причастие 2 (Participle II).

Обладая свойствами прилагательного, причастие выступает в функции определения и переводится на русский язык как причастие. Причастие 1 переводится на русский язык как действительное причастие, а причастие 2 – как страдательное:

I saw my sister writing the letter.

– Я увидел мою сестру, пишущую письмо.

I saw a letter written by my sister.

• Я увидел письмо, написанное моей сестрой.

Обладая свойствами наречия, причастие служит обстоятельством и относится к сказуемому. В этом случае оно переводится на русский язык как деепричастие.

He spoke to me looking into my eyes. – Он говорил со мной, глядя мне в глаза.

Обладая свойствами глагола, причастие может иметь дополнение, определяться наречием, иметь формы вида и залога:

Writing the test, the students made several mistakes. – Написав тест, студенты сделали несколько ошибок. (Тест – дополнение)

Speaking quickly, he seemed very excited. – Говоря быстро, он казался взволнованным. (Быстро – наречие).

Формы причастия 1

	Active	Passive
Simple	speaking operating	being spoken being operated
Perfect	having spoken having operated	having been spoken having been operated

Причастие 2 имеет единственную форму, которая не изменяется. У неправильных глаголов она соответствует третьей форме в таблице неправильных глаголов, а у правильных образуется с помощью прибавления окончания –ed к основе инфинитива.

Причастие в форме Simple Participle Active или Passive обозначает действие, происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. Если сказуемое стоит в настоящем времени, то действие, выраженное причастием Simple Participle, тоже относится к настоящему; если сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то причастие Simple Participle относится к прошедшему времени; если сказуемое относится к будущему, то причастие Simple Participle относится к будущему.

Причастие Perfect Participle Active или Passive обозначает действие, происходящее до действия, выраженного сказуемым. При этом не важно, в каком времени стоит сказуемое.

Speaking to us, she typed the letter.

• Разговаривая с нами, она печатала письмо. (Действия происходят одновременно)

Having spoken to us, she typed the letter.

• Поговорив с нами, она напечатала письмо.

(Действие, выраженное Perfect Participle, происходит перед действием, выраженным сказуемым).

Being looked at, the child behaved very well.

• Когда на него смотрели, ребенок вел себя хорошо.

Перевод причастий

При переводе причастий необходимо учитывать их функцию в предложении:

1. Причастие I и причастие II могут быть частью сказуемого. Причастие I используется во временах группы Continuous и Perfect Continuous, а причастие II употребляется при образовании времен Perfect и страдательного залога.

2. Причастие I может быть определением в предложении и переводиться как действительное причастие (отвечает на вопрос «что делающий?»)

3. Причастие I может быть обстоятельством и в этом случае оно переводится как деепричастие (отвечает на вопрос «что делая?»).

Таблица

Перевод причастий

Название	Перевод	Примеры
Participle I Simple Active	Действительное причастие Деепричастие	The boy throwing stones into the river is my brother. (Мальчик, бросающий камни в реку, – мой брат.) Throwing the letter into the fire, he looked at me sadly. (Бросая письмо в огонь, он грустно посмотрел на меня).
Participle I Perfect Active	Деепричастие совершенного вида	Having thrown the toy into the pond, the girl couldn’t get it back. (Бросив игрушку в озеро, девочка не могла достать её).
Participle I Simple Passive	Страдательное причастие Придаточное предложение	The stones, being thrown by the boys, made circles in the water. (От камней, брошенных мальчиками, появились круги на воде.) Being thrown with great force the stone reached the opposite bank. (Так как камень был брошен с большой силой, он достиг другого берега).
Participle I Perfect Passive	Придаточное предложение	Having once been thrown into the water by the children, the cat always ran away when it saw them. (Так как дети однажды бросили ее в воду, кошка всегда убегала при виде их).

Ex.1 Write all forms of participles from these verbs:

To say, to practise, to look, to make, to consider, to operate, to use, to repeat, to drive, to examine.

Ex.2 State the form of the participle and translate it:

Arriving, having smoked, revised, having collected, being built, having been asked, discussing, having typed, sent, having been sent.

Ex.3 Choose the correct participle. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1 (Looking/looked) for the important documents, he was very nervous.

The documents (looking/looked) for were soon found.

2 He hit his leg by accident, (closing/closed) the door.

They couldn’t open the (closing/closed) door.

3 A (writing/written) word is impossible to change.

A small girl (writing/written) words tried very hard.

4 (Making/made) a decision, he thinks only of himself.

He can’t change a decision (making/made).

5 The (losing/lost) book was soon found by my mother.

(Losing/lost) other people’s books he made a notorious reputation.

6 The news (telling/told) by our parents was very good.

(Telling/told) good news of his victory in the competition, he was very proud.

7 (Bringing/brought) the furniture into the room, the workers made some scratches.

The furniture (bringing/brought) was old and tasteless.

Ex.4 Join a sentence from A with one from B to make one sentence. Use Participle I.

E.g.: Carol was in the bar having a drink.

A	B
1 Carol was in the bar.	She was feeling very tired.
2 Sue got home late.	She looked at the sights and took photos.
3 Jane went out.	C She said she would be back in an hour.
4 Linda was in London for two years.	D She was reading a book.
5 Emma was sitting in an armchair.	E She was having a drink.
6 Mary walked round the town.	F She worked as a tourist guide.

Ex.5 Make one sentence from two. Use the information in brackets. Use Participle I or Participle II.

E.g.: I was woken up by the bell. (The bell was ringing) – I was woken up by the bell ringing.

1 I didn’t chat much with the woman. (The woman was sitting next to me in the bus)

2 A boy was injured in the accident. (He was taken to hospital.)

3 Many suggestions were made at the meeting yesterday. (Most of them were good.)

4 The taxi broke down. (The taxi was taking us to the theatre.)

5 At the end of the street there is a path. (The path leads to the river.)

6 What was the name of that man? (He was arrested by the police.)

7 A new museum has just opened in the city. (The museum has more than 1500 exhibits.)

8 The firm sent me a letter. (The letter contained all the information I needed.)

9 A door was broken by the burglars last night. (It has now been repaired.)

10 Some pictures were stolen from the art gallery. (They haven’t been found yet.)

Ex.6 Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the correct form: blow, call, live, offer, read, sit, study, work.

E.g.: I was woken up by a bell (to ring) – I was woken up by a bell ringing.

1 Life must be very unpleasant for people _______ near busy airports.

2 A few days after the interview, I received a letter ____ me the job.

3 Somebody ______ Jack phoned while you were out.

4 There was a tree _____ down in the storm last night.

5 When I came to the waiting room it was empty except for a young man ________ by the window __________ a newspaper.

6 Jack has got a brother ________ in a bank in London and a sister _______ economics at university in Oxford.

Ex.7 Make sentences using either Participle I Simple or Perfect.

E.g.: John was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. – John hurt his arm playing tennis.

1 I was watching TV. I fell asleep.

2 She finished her work. Then she went home.

3 The man slipped. He was getting off the bus.

4 After Margaret had done all her shopping, she went for a cup of coffee.

5 She was walking in the rain. She got wet.

6 Jeffrey was driving home yesterday. He had an accident.

7 They continued their journey after they had had breakfast.

8 We bought our tickets. Then we went to the cinema.