Telemedicine

Telemedicine is the remote delivery of healthcare services over the telecommunications infrastructure.

There are three main categories of telemedicine:

Remote patient monitoring - allows patients with chronic diseases to be monitored in their homes through the use of devices that collect data about blood sugar levels, blood pressure or other vital signs. The data can be reviewed instantly by remote caregivers.

Store and forward technology - stores clinical data, as well as X-rays and other images, and forwards the data to other locations for evaluation.

Interactive telemedicine - allows physicians and patients to communicate in real time. Such sessions can be conducted in the patient's home or in a nearby medical facility.  

Telemedicine is a subset of telehealth, which includes both remote clinical service delivery and non-clinical elements of the healthcare system. In practice, however, the two terms are often used interchangeably. The term e-care  is sometimes used as a synonym for telemedicine, but in the United States, the federal government's definition of e-care includes technologies to aid in advanced analytics, as well as clinical services.

№13 LECTURE

E-technology.E-business. E-learning. E-government.

• E-business.The basic model of e-business.Information e-business infrastructure.Legal regulation of e-business

• E-learning:the architecture, structure and platform. Electronic textbooks.

• E-government: the concept, architecture, services. Formats of e-government in the developed countries.

E-business.

E-technology Defined Electronic-technology (E-technology) covers a diverse range of IT, IS, IT/IS and ICT used with the network architecture support of the Internet, Intranet and/or Extranet to assist personal, business, organisational and institutional activities. This ranges from the basic e-technology such as e-mail, to the intermediate one, such as an integrated payroll system (e.g. ERP).

Examples of the e-Technology include e-Commerce, e-Business, e-Procurement and e-Logistics. These technologies are in place to support the notion of establishing a value-added e-Supply chain and e-Demand chain. The support of back-office systems, e.g. Supply Chain Management (SCM), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are crucial to enable seamless information flow in the supply chain, whilst support from front-office systems, e.g. Customer Relationships Management (CRM), is important to coordinate the demand chain.

E-Technology: E-Business, Intranet, Extranet, Internet Globalisation, modernisation and streamlining paradigms have driven many enterprises to use various e-Technologies in order to improve the performance of existing operations, and compete globally and strategically to enhance manufacturing enterprise competitiveness, which in today’s digital economy, is often networked and interconnected via the Internet, Intranet, and Extranet.

Electronic business, or e-business, is the application of information and communication technologies ICT in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses or e business refers to business with help of internet i.e. doing business with the help of internet network. The term "e-business" was coined by IBM's marketing and Internet team in 1996.

The basic model of e-business.

Value proposition: How a company's product or service fulfills the needs of customers. • Revenue Model: Define how the company will generates profit. • Market Opportunity: The revenue potential within a company's intended market space.

There are three basic types of electronic commerce: business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), business-to-business (B2B).

A. Business-to-consumer (B2C)

B2C e-commerce is the fastest growing type of e-commerce. It is used by large corporation,small corporations and start-up corporations. This involves the sale of a product or service tothe general public or end-users. Most times this arrangement eliminates the middleman byallowing the manufacturers to sell directly to customers. Existing retailers use B2C e-commerce to create a presence on the Web as a means of reaching out to customers. Becauseextensive investments are not required to create traditional retail outlets and to maintain largemarketing and sales staff, e-commerce allows start-up companies to compete with largerestablished firms.

The three most widely used B2C applications are online banking, financial trading, andshopping.

– Online banking: this is known as e-banking, a standard feature for bankinginstitution. Customers are able to go online with a standard browser to perform manybanking operations. These online operations include accessing account information,balancing check books, transferring funds, paying bills, re-charging mobile phones,and applying for loans. Using these electronic services is safer than using AutomatedTeller Machine (ATM).

– Financial trading: this is referred to as online stock trading or e-trading. it allowsinvestors to research, buy, and sell stocks and bonds over the Internet. The greatestadvantage of using e-trading compared to a traditional broker is cost. Traditionalbrokers provide advice based on their research. E-trading sites typically provideresearch on individual stocks that many e-traders use to make their trading decisions.

– Shopping: this is referred to as e-retailing or e-tailing, it includes the buying andselling of wide range of consumer goods over the Internet. The greatest e-retailingsuccess have been in books, travel, music, and health industries. Web storefronts arevirtual stores that allow shoppers to visit, inspect merchandise, and make purchaseson the Web. A new program called Web storefront creation packages or commerceservers has recently evolved to help business create virtual stores, that allow visitorsto register, browse, place products into virtual shopping charts, and trade through asafe communication.

B.Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

This trading involves individuals selling to individuals, and takes the form of an electronicclassified advert or an auction (Web Auction). Goods are describe and interested buyerscontact sellers to negotiate prices, and buyers and sellers never meet face-to-face. Sellers postdescript ion of products at a Web site and buyers submit bids electronically. There are twobasic types of Web auction sites.

– Auction house sites: they sell a wide range of merchandise directly to bidders. Theauction house owners present merchandise that is typically from a company’s surplusstock. They are usually considered safe to shop.

– Person-to-person auction sites: they operate more like flea markets. The owner of thesite provides a forum for numerous buyers and sellers to gather. While the ownersfacilitate the building process, they are not involved in completing transactions or inverifying the authenticity of the goods sold. As with purchases at a flea market,buyers and sellers need to be cautious.

C. Business-to-business (B2B)

B2B involves the sale of a service or product from one business to another. This is typically amanufacturer’s supplier relationship. For example, a furniture manufacturer requiring rawmaterials such as wood, paint, and varnish. In B2B e-commerce manufacturers place an orderelectronically with suppliers and many times payment is made electronically. The mostpopular B2B e-commerce is for automobile parts, electronics including computers and healthcare.

BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE

• Geographic Reach: geographical distance does not create a barrier to reaching andserving customers electronically or for interacting with suppliers.

• Speed: near instant exchange of information means the interaction between buyer andseller takes place at rapid speed.

• Productivity: individuals are more productive when they can do more work in a segment of time. Spending less time getting information means more time available for its use, therein producing greater efficiency.

• Information Sharing: virtually any form of information- text, graphics, audio, video or animation- can be transmitted to recipients location on the network.

• New Features: new features can be added to product and services offered over communications network, including personalized, automatic notification of activities and instant delivery.

• Lower Costs: the cost of business is reduced when companies and individuals can be reached quickly and without respect to geographical distance, while improved efficiencies results form electronic information exchange.

• Competitive Advantage: those companies that develop and implement an effective electronic commerce strategy have business advantages over others in their industry that can not over similar products, services, or operating capability.