Lesson 3, ex.5c

Hello. Can I help you?

Yes, please. I’m looking for a warm sweater to match my jeans.

Follow me please. Sweaters are over there. What colour would you like?

Mmm. I’m not sure. I like… grey.

What size do you take?

I think I’m a ‘small’.

OK. Here you are. You can try it on. The fitting room is over there.

OK, I’ll try it on.

Excuse me, do you have another colour? I look boring in grey.

Sure. How about chocolate brown? I think it’ll look good on you. Is the size alright?

Yes, it fits me like a glove*. S is just right.

Here’s another colour.

Oh, it’s perfect! It matches my hair and makes me feel warm and cozy! I’ll take it.

Sure.

Thank you.

Lesson 4, ex. 2a,b

(Two old ladies listen to a radio interview with Vivienne Westwood) Nina: Hey, Sonya! Put the volume up! My favourite radio programme is on! Oh, we’ve missed a lot of it! Sonya: Don’t worry, dear. In a second it’ll be on… Is it Ten Questions to a Guru? Who’s on today? Nina: Shh! That’s Vivienne Westwood! Sonya: Sorry. Radio host: … Well, we have already heard what Vivienne Westwood thinks about politics and environment, the role of women and modern art. We have two more questions today… Here we go! Someone’s calling. Hello! Caller 1: … Hello. I’m Sharon from Portsmouth. Missis Westwood, I was wondering if the fashion magazines we read today are really important? Should we listen to their opinions about fashion? Vivienne Westwood: Thank you for the question, Sharon. Fashion magazines? I hate them! I hate them and I hate television, radio, the internet and cinema! Do you know why? They’re our biggest enemy because they feed people information, they don’t let people think. The problem is people are not thinking now. If we don’t start thinking, then we really don’t have any future. Nina: Sonia, what does she say? Sonya: She says the problem is people are not thinking today. Nina: Oh, yes, I agree. Shh. Let’s listen! Radio host: What can be done, do you think? Vivienne Westwood: Well, I am attracted to people who know what suits them - they are individual and stylish. I think dress, hairstyle and make-up are the most important factors in making an attractive person. By the way, I was the first person to have a punk rock hairstyle.

Radio host: Thank you, Vivienne. I’m so glad you are in the studio today and you have to say something on any topic… Well, here comes the last question today… Hello! Caller 2: Hello! I’m Claire from Bath. Radio host: Hello, Claire. Caller 2: Mrs Westwood, could you tell us how you make your style individual?

Vivienne Westwood: I don't feel comfortable defending my clothes. I'm not trying to do something different, I'm trying to do the same thing but in a different way. I’ve always had my own little shop and I don’t need other people to tell me what the public wants.

Radio host: This is all for today. Thanks for the questions… Nina: … Sonya, what does she say? Sonya: She says she’s always had her own little shop. Nina: Oh, I see. Vivienne is great, isn’t she? Sonya: Oh, yes, dear. She’s always been. Lesson 6, ex. 2a,b,c

(at a school radio station) Reporter: Hi, everyone! Today in our studio we’re having Mrs. Venutti, a mother of Michael and Melanie from Class 9 and today we’re speaking about what was in fashion when she was 16.  Mrs. Venutti: Hi everyone! Glad to be here with you today. Reporter: Mrs. Venutti, do you remember what you used to wear when you were 16, what was in fashion?  Mrs. Venutti I started school in the late 70s so I was 16 in the 1980s. Yes, I remember that we cared about fashion a lot then.  Reporter: How did you know what was in fashion? Mrs. Venutti: Well, back then we didn’t have Fashion TV or the many fashion magazines that you have today. And we weren’t very excited with what we could buy in clothes shops either. In my class there was a girl whose parents were working in the fashion business so her clothes always looked cool. I secretly copied her style and thought I was cool too. Reporter: Mrs. Venutti, do you remember what clothes were your favourite? Mrs. Venutti Yes, I liked my blue jeans and a baggy sweater that my granny knitted for my 16th birthday. I also liked my polka-dotted dress and polka-dotted blouse. Polka-dots were very popular then! Reporter: Did you wear skirts or trousers then? Mrs. Venutti: We wore both but when I was 16, trousers were becoming more and more popular with girls. I liked trousers – they were very casual and comfortable but I also wore skirts. Reporter: Did you wear mini-skirts then? Mrs. Venutti: Skirts had become shorter by the time I finished school, but I never liked them. I wore knee-length and longer skirts.

Reporter: I see. Do you remember what hair style was popular then? Mrs. Venutti Oh, yes. We had a lot of hair! Even when the hair was short we made it look as if we had a lot of it – we used hair driers to make our hair stand up and look bigger. Reporter: What can you say about the fashion of today? Mrs. Venutti: Well, it’s different for adults and teenagers. It has always been like this, but in general I think that twenty years ago we didn’t have a big choice of colours, materials and designs that were ok to wear. We didn’t understand than that one design wouldn’t look good on everybody – on tall and short, skinny and plump people. Now almost any colour or material or shape can look ok on people. Now it’s more important how people put items of clothes together and what style they choose for different occasions. Lesson 6, ex. 3D

Mrs. Venutti went to school in the late70s so she was 16 in 1980s. She cared about fashion a lot. They didn’t have fashion magazines for teenagers then, so they copied people who were dressed cool. When Mrs. Venutti was 16, trousers and jeans were becoming more and more popular because they were comfortable and casual. Everybody was wearing them. Skirts had become shorter by the time she finished school. The choice of colours, materials and patterns in fashion was small then. When she was 16, the most popular pattern was polka-dots. Lesson 9, ex.2

Once upon a time a young man named Madan lived in a village in northern India. Madan’s father wanted him to become a farmer. But Madan wished to leave the village and find work in town. He promised his father that he would send a part of his earnings home regularly.

In town, Madan learned to be a tailor. He worked hard and soon became known for the fine clothes he made. All people in the town wanted clothes made by Madan. The more dresses he made, the more proud and boastful Madan became.

One night Madan sat looking at the full moon high up in the sky. The moon was beautiful above a tall coconut tree*. Madan said, “I am sure I can make a dress for the moon. The moon will like my handiwork, and then the sun and stars will want me to make dresses for them.”

The coconut tree heard his words. Laughing softly, the tree bent down** and whispered, “That’s one thing you can’t do.”

Madan didn’t like that. “How do you know what I can do?” he said. “You are only a tree.”

The coconut tree tried to say something more, but Madan would not listen.

“If you want to be of some help, tell the moon that I want to make a dress for her. You are tall enough to do that,” he said.

So the tree told the moon about Madan. The moon said she would like to have a dress made by the famous tailor from Earth.

Madan was excited. Quickly he began to make a dress of wonderful white silk for the moon. When it was done, he said to the coconut tree, “The dress is ready. Give it to the moon.”The coconut tree did so.

The following evening, the moon didn’t come out in her new dress. The coconut tree bent down and whispered, “The moon says your dress doesn’t fit. It’s too loose.” Madan was shocked. “It can’t be!” he cried. “The clothes I make always fit perfectly.” But the moon gave the dress back to him, and he had to redo it. Madan spent the night making the dress a little bigger.

The next evening the moon rose a little later. She wasn’t wearing her new dress again. And again the coconut tree bent down and whispered, “The dress is still too loose.”

Madan couldn’t believe that! “How could I go wrong?” he cried.

“I tried to tell you before but you didn’t listen,” said the tree. “I have seen for many years that after the moon is full, she grows smaller each day until you can’t see her at all. Then, she starts growing bigger day after day until she gets full. So how can you make one dress that would fit the moon perfectly?”

Brokenhearted, Madan sat with his head in his hands all night long. When he saw the moon on the other side of the sky, he whispered, “I am sorry, dear Moon. I am not as great a tailor as I thought.”

“It’s all right,” said the moon. “After all, I’m the moon. How can I wear clothes as people do?”

From that day on, Madan worked harder than before. He was not proud or boastful anymore, and his hard work brought him more money. He remembered to send a good part of it to his father. People liked him better because he was an excellent tailor and a humble*** one, too.

UNIT 9

Lesson 2, Ex.1

There once was a young man called Brett

Who would spend his free time on the Net.

He stayed home all alone –

No TV and no phone,

A computer mouse - his only pet.

Lesson 3, ex.1b, 2c,4b

Communication is the ability to share information. We need communication.  Communication keeps businesses and factories running. It helps people in trouble to contact police, fire departments, ambulances and doctors. Our armies would be useless, and our government would not work without it. We would lose contact with our families and friends that live far away. There would be no radio or television stations to entertain us, or films to see. The word ‘telecommunication’ comes from Greek and means ‘communication at distance’. Now it is a general term for systems or technologies that are used in sending and receiving messages over a distance electronically. Mobile and satellite phones, radio, television and networks are a few examples of telecommunication. It is sometimes hard to realize that as you sit at your computer clicking on keys it began with primitive and even ancient forms of telecommunication.

There was a time when cave drawings were painted on the walls of caves and canyons to tell the story of people’s culture. But real communication began with language. Story-telling was used to tell stories before there were books. Town criers shouted their messages across short open spaces. People ran to deliver messages faster. When running with a message, to deliver it in spoken from, it is safer to do it oneself. Sending anyone else is unreliable, as the game of Chinese whispers demonstrates. So a system of writing was necessary. When writing appeared, messages on stone columns communicated very well across time, but they were an inefficient method of communication across space. The system became more efficient when it was the message that travelled. People ran with the written messages, rode horses to save time. For example, the network of Persian roads in the 5^th century BC made communication faster and more reliable. New men and fresh horses were available at posting stations. A message could travel the full distance of the road from Susa to Sardis (3200 km) in ten days. What helped to make communication even more efficient was the Aramaic language as a Lingua Franca used in Ancient Persia.

There were forms of long-distance communication not based on words. The smoke signals used by American Indians are of this kind. So are fires which usually meant ‘danger’ or ‘victory’. Drums in the jungles of Africa and Asia were one way to send signals to neighbouring groups. Ancient Egypt was the first country where birds - domesticated pigeons were used for sending messages. Genghis Khan saw their potential and pigeons carried news of each new victory to his homeland in Mongolia. Ship’s flags and semaphores – mechanical devices on towers - were other forms of telecommunication.

The true ‘jump’ came with the electricity leading to the telegraph and signal lamps. 1843 was the year when Samuel Morse proposed a way to give every letter and number a special code (point, line and space). It was Morse’s Symbol code, which we can still find used today.

Seven years later, Antonio Meucci and Graham Bell independently managed to build an early telephone. Since Meucci didn’t have the money to patent their invention (the cost was $250 at the time), it was Bell who managed to register it first.

Many other innovations were soon to come: in 1895 Guglielmo Marconi invented the ‘wireless telegraph’ – radio. Alexander Popov from Russia whose invention of the radio came before Marconi’s, did not patent it.

In 1923, the television was invented, in 1947 the invention of transistors gave birth to the field of electronics, in 1969 the first microprocessor was invented. The rest of the story is widely known: in 1983, the military project Arpanet became available to universities and research centres, which finally gave birth to the Internet. Email began to take place of snail mail.

In the 20^th century, telecommunications also reached beyond our planet. Radio waves have already travelled to the planet of Neptune and back. In short, telecommunication has come a long way from cave paintings and smoke signals.

Maybe someday, we will have telephones like wrist watches... or, televisions with only interactive 3D programming... or, we will have a mental connection with things so all we have to do is think, and it is done... or, computers will be able to visually connect with anyone in the world, without cameras... Only the future will tell... after all, hundreds of years ago no one would have dreamed of all the things we have today.

Lesson 4, ex.1