[Keith Allman] Oxford Handbook Of Anaesthesia

J'+1(-';-".' TCW

T(1;-.86PO(@'"+ UC_

D&'+(Q(@'"+6 J4>'(6,B'(}("?'hU(m(U

J4>'(6,B'(1"@("26;("55+;E,1".'(.;(.8'(6,B'(;A(.8'(2,..2'(A,-?'+(;+(=,"1'.'+(;A(.8'(-;6.+,2C

J4>'(52"#'1'-.(-''=6(.;(>'(1'.,#42;46(.;("&;,=('-=;>+;-#8,"2(,-.4>".,;-(;+(,-"=&'+.'-.('E.4>".,;-C

J4>'(2'-?.8(,-(#1(#"-(>'(#"2#42".'=("6(A;22;/6L

"?'hQ(m(OQ(P(;+"2(.4>' "?'hQ(m(OW(P(-"6"2(.4>'C

J;("66'66(.8'(2'-?.8(;A(.4>'(+'S4,+'=(.;(>'(5"66'=(>'2;/(.8'(&;#"2(#;+=6G(',.8'+(.8'(.8,#$(>2"#$(?4,='(2,-'(".(.8'(=,6."2('-=(;A(.8'(.4>' #"-(>'(46'=(;+(.8'("55+;E,1".'(=,6."-#'(,6('S4"2(.;(.8'(.4>'(6,B'(,-(#1C(F2.,1".'2@(.8'(='#,6,;-(146.(>'(#;-A,+1'=(#2,-,#"22@C

[-"'6.8'.,#(>+'".8,-?(6@6.'16 [@+'96(JI5,'#'(/,.8(3"#$6;-Pf''#'(1;=,A,#".,;-

J8'(3"#$6;-Pf''#'(1;=,A,#".,;-(;A(.8'([@+'96(JI5,'#'(Me"52'6;-(HR(,6(.8'(1;6.(#;11;-2@(46'=(#,+#4,.(,-(5"'=,".+,#("-"'6.8'.,# 5+"#.,#'C(K.(,6(64,.">2'(A;+("22(#8,2=+'-(45(.;(Q_($?(>'@;-=(/8,#8(,.(>'#;1'6(,-'AA,#,'-.C

K.(,6("(2;/I+'6,6."-#'G(&"2&'2'66G(2,?8./',?8.(#,+#4,.C(J8'('E5,+".;+@(2,1>('E#''=6(.,="2(&;241'(.;(5+'&'-.('-.+",-1'-.(;A(+;;1(",+(=4+,-? 65;-."-';46(&'-.,2".,;-C

J8'(;5'-I'-='=(W__(12(+'6'+&;,+(>"?(;+(3"#$6;-Pf''#'(1;=,A,#".,;-("22;/6L

"-("66'661'-.(;A(.,="2(&;241'

"-(">,2,.@(.;(5"+.,"22@(;##24='(.8'(>"?(A;+(N*[*(;+(*00*

.8'(5;.'-.,"2(A;+("66,6.'=(;+(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-

"(S4"2,.".,&'("55+'#,".,;-(;A(24-?(#;152,"-#'

"(+'=4#.,;-(,-(='"=(65"#'(=4+,-?(65;-."-';46(&'-.,2".,;-(MA+'68(?"6(A2;/(/"68'6(;4.('E5,+'=(?"6(=4+,-?(.8'(5"46'("A.'+ 'E5,+".,;-RC

%#"&'-?,-?(,6(2,1,.'=C(d;/'&'+G(-'/'+(&'+6,;-6(;A(.8'(JI5,'#'(,-#;+5;+".'("(#2;6'=(>"?(/,.8("-('E5,+".;+@(&"2&'("-=(6#"&'-?,-? ".."#81'-.C

f'S4,+'1'-.6(A;+(A+'68(?"6(A2;/(MHcHR("+'(8,?8'+(,-(65;-."-';46(.8"-(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-C(f'#;11'-=".,;-6("+'(./;(.;(.8+''(.,1'6 "2&';2"+(1,-4.'(&;241'(A;+(65;-."-';46(>+'".8,-?(;+(O___(12(m(Q__(12h$?(,-(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-C

K-(5+"#.,#'(HcH(,6(='5'-='-.(;-(.8'(+'65,+".;+@(5"..'+-C([(+"5,=(+'65,+".;+@(+".'(/,.8(1,-,1"2('E5,+".;+@(5"46'("22;/6(-;(.,1'(A;+(.8'

HcH(.;(A2468(;4.(.8'('E5,+".;+@(2,1>(>'A;+'(.8'(-'E.(>+'".8('-64'6("-=("(8,?8'+(HcH(,6

*CYYO

+'S4,+'=C(N;-&'+6'2@G("-('-=('E5,+".;+@(5"46'(=4+,-?(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-(/,22(8'25(+'=4#'(HcHC

e;6.(#8,2=+'-(+'S4,+'("(1,-,141(HcH(;A(T(2,.+'6G(/8,#8(#"-(.8'-(>'("=\46.'=(.;("#8,'&'(-;+1;#"5-,"("-=("-(,-65,+'=(#"+>;-(=,;E,=' #;-#'-.+".,;-(;A(2'66(.8"-(_CX($*"C(*"+.,"2(+'>+'".8,-?("22;/6(#;-6'+&".,;-(;A(8'".("-=(841,=,A,#".,;-C

0-=(.,="2(#"+>;-(=,;E,='(#;-#'-.+".,;-(1"@(>'(4-='+'6.,1".'=(,-(#8,2=+'-(>'2;/(O_($?(A+;1(=,24.,;-(;A('E5,+'=(?"6'6C(%"152,-? 68;42=(>'("6(=,6."2(,-(.8'(#,+#4,.("6(5;66,>2'C

d4158+'@([<0(6@6.'1

J8,6(8@>+,=(6@6 .'1(,-#;+5;+".'6(.8'(e"52'6;-([G(<G("-=(0(#,+#4,.6(,-(;-'(>+'".8,-?(6@6.'1C

%.4=,'6(,-=,#".'(.8".(.8'(0(1;='(>'8"&'6(6,1,2"+2@(.;(.8'(JI5,'#'("-=(.8".(.8'([(1;='(,6('AA,#,'-.(,-(#8,2=+'-(;&'+(O_($?C(!;.8(.8'(<("-= 0(1;='6("+'(64,.">2'(A;+(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-C

J8'('E5,+".;+@(&"2&'6("+'(;A(2;/(+'6,6."-#'("-=(=;(-;.("==("55+'#,">2@(.;(.8'(/;+$(;A(>+'".8,-?C

N,+#2'(">6;+5.,;-(6@6.'16

a;/IA2;/("-"'6.8'6,"(,6(#;6.I'AA,#,'-.G(+'=4#'6(".1;658'+,#(5;224.,;-(M-,.+;46(;E,='(,6("(?+''-8;46'(?"6RG("-=(#;-6'+&'6(/"+1.8("-= 1;,6.4+'C(J8'(+'"#.,;-(;A(#"+>;-(=,;E,='(/,.8(6;="(2,1'(,6('E;.8'+1,#(5+;=4#,-?(8'".("-=(/".'+C

J8'(">,2,.@(.;(1;-,.;+(,-65,+".;+@("-=('E5,+".;+@(2'&'26(;A(;E@?'-G(-,.+;46(;E,='G(#"+>;-(=,;E,='G("-=(&;2".,2'("?'-.(,6(1"-=".;+@C *"'=,".+,#(#,+#2'(6@6.'16(46,-?(OW(11(2,?8./',?8.(8;6'("+'(64,.">2'(A;+(#8,2=+'-(;&'+(W($?C(J8'(4-,=,+'#.,;-"2(&"2&'6(1"@(,-#+'"6' +'6,6."-#'(.;(>+'".8,-?("-=(68;42=(-;.(>'("22;/'=(.;(>'#;1'(="15C

<4+,-?(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-G(.8'(2'"$("+;4-=(.8'('-=;.+"#8'"2(.4>'(1"@(+'S4,+'(?"6(A2;/6(.;(>'(,-#+'"6'=C J8'+'(,6(-;('&,='-#'(.8".(#;15;4-=([G(A;+1'=(>@(.8'("#.,;-(;A(6'&;A24+"-'(;-(6;="(2,1'G(,6(-'58+;.;E,#(,-(#8,2=+'-C

e'#8"-,#"2(&'-.,2".,;-

%."-="+=("=42.(&'-.,2".;+6("+'(64,.">2'(=;/-(.;(Q_($?C

!'2;/(Q_($?G("(5"'=,".+,#(&'-.,2".;+(68;42=(>'(">2'(.;(='2,&'+(61"22(.,="2(&;241'6G(+"5,=(+'65,+".;+@(+".'6G(&"+,">2'(,-65,+".;+@(A2;/ +".'6G("-=(=,AA'+'-.(KL0(+".,;6C

N"2#42".,;-(;A(.,="2(&;241'(,6(1'"-,-?2'66(>'#"46'(;A(#;15+'66,;-(;A(?"6'6(,-(.8'(&'-.,2".;+(.4>,-?("-=("(&"+,">2'(2'"$("+;4-=(.8' '-=;.+"#8'"2(.4>'C(e;+'(6;58,6.,#".'=(&'-.,2".;+6(1"@G(8;/'&'+G(>'(#"5">2'(;A(1'"64+,-?('E5,+'=(.,="2(&;241'(/8,#8(,6(;A(1;+' 5+"#.,#"2(&"24'C

%;1'(&'-.,2".;+6("+'(='6,?-'=(.;(/;+$(/,.8(65'#,A,#(>+'".8,-?(6@6 .'16C(J8'(:'/.;-(&"2&'(#;-&'+.6(.8'(:4AA,'2=(*'-2;-(Q__(&'-.,2".;+ A+;1(A2;/(?'-'+".;+(.;(5+'664+'(?'-'+".;+("-=(#"-(>'(".."#8'=(=,+'#.2@(.;(.8'('E5,+".;+@(2,1>(;A(.8'([@+'96(JI5,'#'C(e"-@(-'/

"-"'6.8'.,#(/;+$6.".,;-6(,-#;+5;+".'(,-.'?+"2(&'-.,2".;+6(".."#8'=(.;(#,+#2'(6@6.'16(64,.">2'(A;+(5"'=,".+,#(5+"#.,#'C *CYYQ

*+'664+'(#;-.+;22'=(&'-.,2".,;-(,6(#;11;-2@(46'=(,-(5"'=,".+,#(5+"#.,#'("-=(+'=4#'6(.8'(+,6$(;A(>"+;.+"41"("-=(5-'41;.8;+"EC(J8,6 1;='(/,22(#;15'-6".'(A;+("(2'"$("+;4-=(.8'('-=;.+"#8'"2(.4>'G(>4.(-;.(A;+(#8"-?'6(,-(24-?(#;152,"-#'G(5"+.,"2(;+(#;152'.'(.4>' ;>6.+4#.,;-G(;+(>+;-#8;65"61C

V;241'(#;-.+;2(#"-(1"$'("-("22;/"-#'(A;+(#8"-?'6(,-(24-?(#;152,"-#'(>4.(".("(5;.'-.,"2(#;6.(;A(8,?8(5'"$(",+/"@(5+'664+'6C

F2.,1".'2@G(6'..,-?(&'-.,2".;+(5"+"1'.'+6(,6(>"6'=(;-(#2,-,#"2(;>6'+&".,;-C(K-65,+".;+@(A2;/G(5+'664+'G(;+(&;241'(,6(?+"=4"22@(,-#+'"6'= 4-.,2("='S4".'(#8'6.(1;&'1'-.(,6(;>6'+&'=C(e'"64+'1'-.(;A(#"5-;?+"58@("-=(5426'(;E,1'.+@(#;-A,+16(-;+1;#"5-,"("-=("='S4".' ;E@?'-".,;-C(J8'(5'"$(",+/"@(5+'664+'(,6($'5.(.;("(1,-,141C([(&'-.,2".;+("2"+1(,6(1"-=".;+@C

e;6.(#8,2=+'-(#"-(>'(&'-.,2".'=("='S4".'2@(/,.8(,-65,+".;+@(5+'664+'6(;A(OZPQ_(#1dQD("-=("(+'65,+".;+@(+".'(>'./''-(OX("-=(QUh1,-C J8'(+".'(#"-(>'("=\46.'=("##;+=,-?2@(.;("#8,'&'(-;+1;#"5-,"C

J8'(">,2,.@(.;(8"-=(&'-.,2".'(46,-?(.8'([@+'96(JI5,'#'(,6('66'-.,"2(.;(5"'=,".+,#(5+"#.,#'C([(#,+#4,.(68;42=("2/"@6(>'("&",2">2'(,-(.8'

'&'-.(;A(&'-.,2".;+(A",24+'(;+(4-'E5'#.'=(='6".4+".,;-C(e'#8"-,#"2(&'-.,2".,;-(1"@(>'(,-"='S4".'(A;+(.8'(61"22(5+'1".4+'(-';-".'C(K-

.8'(>">@(/,.8(?"6.+;6#8,6,6(;+('E;158"2;6G(8"-=(&'-.,2".,;-(#"-(>'(46'=(.;("66'66(#8"-?'6(,-(24-?(#;152,"-#'("-=(='.'+1,-'(8;/ 14#8(;A(.8'(">=;1,-"2(#;-.'-.6(#"-(>'(+'=4#'=(>"#$(,-.;(.8'(">=;1,-"2(#"&,.@C(d"-=(&'-.,2".,;-(=4+,-?(+'5",+(;A("(.+"#8';I ;'6;58"?'"2(A,6.42"(#"-(>'(.,1'=(.;("22;/(.8'(64+?';-(1"E,141('E5;64+'("-=(.,1'(.;('AA'#.(.8'(+'5",+C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 N;-=4#.(;A("-"'6.8'6,"

*+';5'+".,&'("66'661'-.

J8'(5+';5'+".,&'(&,6,.(,6('66'-.,"2(,-('6.">2,68,-?("(+"55;+.(/,.8(>;.8(5"+'-.6("-=(#8,2=+'-("-=(,-(8'25,-?(.;(=,66,5".'("-E,'.@C N;114-,#".,;-(68;42=(>'(6,152'G(,-A;+1".,&'("-=(.+4.8A42L

[&;,=(/'"+,-?("(/8,.'(#;".C(K-&;2&'(.8'(5"+'-.6G(>4.(.+@(.;(S4'6.,;-(.8'(#8,2=(=,+'#.2@(/8'-("55+;5+,".'("-=(6."@(".('@'2'&'2(,A(5;66,>2'C [(5+'"=1,66,;-(&,6,.(+'=4#'6(5"+'-."2("-E,'.@("-=(,6(>'-'A,#,"2(.;(#8,2=+'-(;&'+(X(@'"+6C(*2"@(.8'+"5,6.6(#"-(8'25(5+;&,='("-(,-A;+1"2 6'..,-?("-=(,-A;+1".,&'2@(5+'5"+'(.8'(#8,2=(>@(='6#+,>,-?(.8'(#;4+6'(;A('&'-.6(A+;1(.8'(/"+=(.;(,-=4#.,;-(;A("-"'6.8'6,"C([(#;22'#.,;- ;A(58;.;?+"586(;+("(&,=';(1"@(>'(8'25A42C

d,6.;+@

*+;>2'16(/,.8(5+'&,;46("-"'6.8'.,#6G('C?C(*D:VG(5;;+(5",-(+'2,'AG(;+(=,AA,#42.(&'-;46("##'66C(K-#24='("(A"1,2@(8,6.;+@(.;('E#24=' 1"2,?-"-.(8@5'+5@+'E,"("-=(64E"1'.8;-,41("5-;'"C

*+'&,;46(8;65,."2("=1,66,;-6C N4++'-.(1'=,#"2(#;-=,.,;-6C

N"+=,;&"6#42"+("66'661'-.t$-;/-(8'"+.(14+14+6G(/8'.8'+(>24'(;+(>+'".82'66(;-('E'+#,6'G(;+(A",24+'(.;(.8+,&'(,A(-';-".'C f'65,+".;+@("66'661'-.t"6.81"G(A+'S4'-.(#;2=6G(;>6.+4#.,&'(62''5("5-;'"C(J8'(5".,'-.(1"@(8"&'("(#4++'-.(#8'6.(,-A'#.,;-(M6''(5C YYURC

:';-"."2(8,6.;+@t5+;>2'16(".(='2,&'+@G(5+'1".4+,.@G("=1,66,;-(.;(65'#,"2(#"+'(>">@(4-,.(,-#24=,-?(=4+".,;-("-=(6'&'+,.@(;A(5+;>2'1C <+4?(8,6 .;+@C

[22'+?@t=+4?6G(2".'EC

K114-,B".,;-t#8,2=+'-(1"@(='&'2;5("(&,+"2I2,$'(1"2",6'("-=(5@+'E,"(A;22;/,-?(#'+.",-(&"##,-".,;-6C(%4+?'+@(68;42=(>'("&;,='=(A;+(O /''$(A;22;/,-?(<J*(M=,58.8'+,"h.'."-46h5'+.466,6R("-=(d,>(Md"'1;58,246(,-A24'-B"'(.@5'(!R("-=(Q(/''$6("A.'+(eef(M1'"62'6h 14156h+4>'22"RC

0E"1,-".,;-

[,+/"@t#8'#$(1;4.8(;5'-,-?G(2;;6'(.''.8G(=+;;2,-?G(2"+?'(.;-?4'G('-2"+?'=(.;-6,26G(1,#+;?-".8,"G(68;+.(-'#$C N"+=,;&"6#42"+(6@6.'1t#8'#$(#;2;4+(M#;-6,='+(5426'(;E,1'.'+RG(8'"+.(14+14+6C

f'65,+".;+@(6@6.'1t#8'#$(-"6"2(6'#+'.,;-6G(/8''B'(;+("=='=(>+'".8(6;4-=6G(68"5'(;A(.8;+"EG($@58;6#;2,;6,6(;+(;.8'+(65,-"2 ='A;+1,.@C

N'-.+"2(-'+&;46(6@6.'1t#8'#$(2;66(;A(",+/"@(+'A2'E'6G(8@5;.;-,"C

*+';5'+".,&'(,-&'6.,?".,;-6

f;4.,-'(5+';5'+".,&'(8"'1;?2;>,-(,6(,-=,#".'=(A;+L

-';-".'6

'EI5+'1".4+'(,-A"-.6(4-='+(O(@'"+ #8,2=+'-(".(+,6$(;A(6,#$2'(#'22(=,6'"6' *CYYU

#8,2=+'-(A;+(/8;1(,-.+"I;5'+".,&'(.+"-6A46,;-(1"@(>'(-'#'66"+@ #8,2=+'-(/,.8(6@6.'1,#(=,6'"6'C

[(5+';5'+".,&'(d>(;A(2'66(.8"-(O_(?h=2(=;'6(-;.(-'#'66"+,2@('-.",2(#"-#'22".,;-(,A(.8'(#8,2=(,6(;.8'+/,6'(/'22C

f;4.,-'(>,;#8'1,6.+@(,6(+'S4,+'=(A;+L

#8,2=+'-(/,.8(1'.">;2,#('-=;#+,-'(;+(+'-"2(=,6'"6'6 #8,2=+'-(+'#',&,-?(,-.+"&'-;46(A24,=6C

J8'(#8,2=(/,.8("(#;2=

J8'(5+'6#8;;2(#8,2=(='&'2;56("-("&'+"?'(;A(6,E(.;(',?8.(455'+(+'65,+".;+@(.+"#.(,-A'#.,;-6(MFfJKR(5'+(@'"+C([21;6.(QWs(;A(#8,2=+'-(8"&'("

+4--@(-;6'(A;+(.8'(1"\;+,.@(;A(.8'(@'"+C(J8,6(?+;45(1"@(8"&'(6'"6;-"2(+8,-,.,6(;+(#8+;-,#"22@(,-A'#.'=("='-;,=6C

[-"'6.8'6,"(,-(.8'(5+'6'-#'(;A("-(,-.'+#4+'-.(FfJK(,6("66;#,".'=(/,.8("(8,?8'+(+,6$(;A(#;152,#".,;-6C(J8'+'(,6("-(,-#+'"6'=(,-#,='-#' ;A('E#'66(6'#+'.,;-6G(",+/"@(;>6.+4#.,;-G(2"+@-?;65"61G("-=(>+;-#8;#;-6.+,#.,;-C(J8,6(+,6$(,6(,-#+'"6'=(A,&'IA;2=(46,-?("-(ae[("-=(>@(" A"#.;+(;A(O_(,A(.8'(#8,2=(,6(,-.4>".'=C(N;152,#".,;-6("+'("26;(8,?8'+(/,.8(,-A"-.6C

N8,2=+'-(/,.8(1;='+".'(.;(6'&'+'(#8'6.(,-A'#.,;-6(68;42=(>'(5;6.5;-'=C(J8,6(/,22(,-#24='(.8;6'(/,.8(5+;=4#.,&'(#;4?8G(54+42'-.(#8'6. ;+(-"6"2(6'#+'.,;-6G(5@+'E,"G("-=(6,?-6(;A(&,+"'1,"(;+(#;-6.,.4.,;-"2(,22-'66G(,-#24=,-?(=,"++8;'"("-=(&;1,.,-?(/,.8(2;66(;A("55'.,.'C J8'(#8,2=(/,.8("(1,2=(#;2=(,6("2/"@6("(=,AA,#42.(5+;>2'1C(J8'(8,6.;+@(,-(.8'6'(#"6'6(,6(#+4#,"2C(K.(,6(,15;+."-.(.;(='#,='(/8'.8'+(.8'(#8,2= ,6(".(.8'(>'?,--,-?(;+('-=(;A(.8'(FfJKC(D.8'+(1'1>'+6(;A(.8'(A"1,2@(;+(#8,2=+'-(".(6#8;;2(1"@(8"&'("2+'"=@('E5'+,'-#'=(.8'(6"1'

,-A'#.,;-("-=(.8,6(#"-(5+;&,='(46'A42(,-A;+1".,;-C

[(#8,2=(=''1'=(.;(>'(5;6.&,+"2G("5@+'E,"2G(/,.8(-;(#8'6.(6,?-6G("-=(#;-6.,.4.,;-"22@(/'22(,6(5+;>">2@(A,.(A;+(64+?'+@('&'-(,A(.8'@(8"&'(" +4--@(-;6'C

[-(,-.'+#4++'-.(FfJK(+'S4,+'6(5;6.5;-'1'-.(A;+(Q(/''$6G(>4.(.8,6(68;42=(>'(U(/''$6(,A(2;/'+(+'65,+".;+@(.+"#.(,-&;2&'1'-.(,6(6465'#.'=C [(=,"?-;6,6(;A(>+;-#8,;2,.,6(;+(1'"62'6(/"++"-.6("(='2"@(;A(".(2'"6.(X(/''$6C

J8'(#8,2=(/,.8("(14+14+

J8'(1"\;+,.@(;A(5".8;2;?,#"2(14+14+6("+'(=,"?-;6'=(-';-"."22@("-=(.8'6'(#8,2=+'-(/,22("2+'"=@(>'(4-='+(.8'(#"+'(;A("(#"+=,;2;?,6.C([-.,>,;.,# 5+;58@2"E,6(/,22("552@(,-(#'+.",-(#;-=,.,;-6C(*+'&,;462@(4-+'5;+.'=(14+14+6("+'(#;11;-2@(8'"+=(".(QPU(@'"+6C(J8'(1"\;+,.@("+'(A4-#.,;-"2C(KA

.8'(14+14+(,6(5"-6@6.;2,#(/,.8(-;+1"2(8'"+.(6;4-=6(,-("(#8,2=(/,.8("(-;+1"2(;E@?'-(6".4+".,;-("-=(-;(2,1,.".,;-(,-('E'+#,6'(.;2'+"-#'G(,.(#"- >'("6641'=(.;(>'(,--;#'-.C(KA(.8'+'("+'("-@(=;4>.6G(64+?'+@(68;42=(>'(='A'++'=(4-.,2("(A;+1"2("66'661'-.(8"6(>''-(1"='(>@("(5"'=,".+,# #"+=,;2;?,6.C

N;-6'-.

[22;/(.,1'(".(.8'('-=(;A(5+';5'+".,&'("66'661'-.(A;+(5"+'-.6(.;("6$(S4'6.,;-6C

<,6#466(.8'(;5.,;-6(;A(,-.+"&'-;46(;+(,-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-("-=(;>.",-(#;-6'-.(A;+("(6455;6,.;+@("-=(+'?,;-"2(;+(5'+,58'+"2(-'+&'

>2;#$G(,A(,-=,#".'=G(,-#24=,-?("..'-="-.(+,6$6C *CYYW

<,6#466(.8'(+,6$6("66;#,".'=(/,.8(?'-'+"2("-"'6.8'6,"C([-"'6.8'6,"(A;+("(A,.(#8,2=(,6("6(6"A'("6(.+"&'22,-?(,-("-("'+;52"-'C %,?-'=(/+,..'-(#;-6'-.(,6(.8'(5+'A'++'=(;5.,;-C

a;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#(#+'"16

J8'("&",2">,2,.@(;A(.;5,#"2(2;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#(5+'5"+".,;-6(+'=4#'6(.8'(5",-(;A(&'-'54-#.4+'("-=(?+'".2@(A"#,2,.".'6(,-.+"&'-;46 ,-=4#.,;-C

012"(N+'"1(,6("('4.'#.,#(1,E.4+'(;A(Ws(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R("-=(Ws(5+,2;#",-'(,-("(OLO(+".,;C(K.(68;42=(>'("552,'=(A;+(".(2'"6.(UW(1,- "-=(#"-(5+;=4#'(&"6#;-6.+,#.,;-C(012"(68;42=(>'("&;,='=(,-(#8,2=+'-(4-='+(O(@'"+(>'#"46'(;A(.8'(+,6$(;A(1'.8"'1;?2;>,-"'1,"(A+;1 ">6;+>'=(5+,2;#",-'(=4'(.;(+'=4#'=(2'&'26(;A(1'.8"'1;?2;>,-(+'=4#."6'C

[1'.;5(,6("(Us(?'2(A;+142".,;-(;A("1'.8;#",-'C(J8'+'(,6("(68;+.'+(;-6'.(.,1'(;A(T_(1,-("-=(5+;2;-?'=(=4+".,;-(;A("#.,;-(MU(8R #;15"+'=(/,.8(012"C(K.(,6(2,#'-6'=(A+;1(U(/''$6(;A("?'("-=(8"6(&"6;=,2".,-?(5+;5'+.,'6C(J8'+'(1"@(>'("(8,?8'+(,-#,='-#'(;A("22'+?,# +'"#.,;-6C

K.(,6(,15;+."-.(.;(,='-.,A@(.8'(&',-6(.;(>'("-"'6.8'.,B'=("-=(-;.(>2,-=2@("552@(.8'(#+'"1(.;(.8'(=;+641(;A('"#8(8"-=C(V',-6(,-(.8'(/+,6. "-=(;-(.8'(=;+641(;A(.8'(A;;.(68;42=(-;.(>'(A;+?;..'-C

^''5(.8'("+'"(>"-="?'=(.;(5+'&'-.(+'1;&"2(;+(2,#$,-?(;A(#+'"1y

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

*+';5'+".,&'(A"6.,-?(M6''("26;(5C(pR

H"6.,-?(,-6.+4#.,;-6("+'(='6,?-'=(.;(1,-,1,B'(.8'(+,6$(;A(+'?4+?,.".,;-(;A(?"6.+,#(#;-.'-.6("-=(#;-6'S4'-.(5421;-"+@("65,+".,;-C

H"6.,-?(1,-,1,B'6(?"6.+,#(&;241'6(>4.(=;'6(-;.(?4"+"-.''("-('15.@(6.;1"#8C(K='"22@(?"6.+,#(5d(68;42=(>'(?+'".'+(.8"-(QCW("-=(?"6.+,# A24,=(68;42=(>'(2'66(.8"-(_CU(12h$?C(*+;2;-?'=(A"6.,-?(=;'6(-;.(A4+.8'+(+'=4#'(.8'(+,6$(;A("65,+".,;-("-=(,-(,-A"-.6(#"-('"6,2@(2'"=(.; ='8@=+".,;-("-=(8@5;?2@#"'1,"C

K-A"-.6(1"@(>'(".(?+'".'+(+,6$(;A(+'?4+?,.".,;-C(J8'+'(,6(+'=4#'=(2;/'+(;'6;58"?'"2(658,-#.'+(.;-'("-=("-(,-#+'"6'=(.'-='-#@(.; =,6.'-=(.8'(6.;1"#8(=4+,-?(1"6$(&'-.,2".,;-C(d;/'&'+G(.8'(,-#,='-#'(;A(5-'41;-,.,6(A;22;/,-?("65,+".,;-(,-(#8,2=+'-(,6(14#8(2'66 #;11;-(.8"-(,-("=42.6C

N2'"+(A24,=6(#"-(>'(?,&'-(6"A'2@(45(.;(Q(8(5+';5'+".,&'2@C(J8'(,-."$'(;A(A24,=6(?,&'-("6(',.8'+(/".'+(;+("(A+4,.(6S4"68(=+,-$(68;42=(>' '-#;4+"?'=C(K.(+'=4#'6(.8'(,-#,='-#'(;A(='8@=+".,;-C(N8,2=+'-("+'(2'66(,++,.">2'(".(,-=4#.,;-("-=(.8'+'(1"@(>'("(+'=4#.,;-(,-

5;6.;5'+".,&'(-"46'"("-=(&;1,.,-?C

J8'(="."(A;+(1,2$("-=(6;2,=(A;;=("+'(2'66(#2'"+C(!+'"6.(1,2$(,6(#2'"+'=(A+;1(.8'(6.;1"#8(1;+'(+"5,=2@(.8"-(A;+142"(1,2$(,-(,-A"-.6("-= >;.8(8"&'(68;+.'+(.+"-6,.(.,1'6(.8"-(6;2,=(A;;=C

N4++'-.('&,='-#'(64??'6.6(.8".(#8,2=+'-(1"@(6"A'2@(>'(?,&'-(',.8'+(>+'"6.(;+(A;+142"(1,2$(45(.;(U(8(5+';5'+".,&'2@(/8,2'(6;2,=(A;;= +'S4,+'6("(1,-,1"2(X(8(A"6.C

Q*#$(&9/96('"4(&"#

/?(&(>6>/@*#$(&9/$(>"/C1E

N2'"+(A24,= Q

!+'"6.(1,2$ U

H;+142"h#;/69(1,2$ UPX

%;2,=(A;;= X

0&'+@(4-,.(68;42=(8"&'(A"6.,-?(?4,='2,-'6(/8,#8(68;42=(>'(6'-.(.;(5"+'-.6(6;1'(="@6(>'A;+'(52"--'=("=1,66,;-(A;+(64+?'+@C(N2;6' 2,",6;-(/,.8(.8'(/"+=(6."AA('-64+'6(.8".(#8,2=+'-(+'#',&'("='S4".'(#2'"+(A24,=(5+';5'+".,&'2@("-=(.8".(1,2$(A''=6(A;+(-';-".'6("-= ,-A"-.6("+'("55+;5+,".'2@(.,1'=C

%4+?';-6(68;42=(>'('-#;4+"?'=(-;.(.;(#8"-?'(.8'(2,6.(;+='+C(J8,6(,6(4-"##'5.">2'(/,.8(-';-".'6("-=(61"22(,-A"-.6G(>4.(.8'(">,2,.@(.;

."$'(#2'"+(A24,=(1"@("AA;+=(6;1'(A2'E,>,2,.@(/,.8(;2='+(#8,2=+'-C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 *+'1'=,#".,;-

f;4.,-'(6'=".,&'(5+'1'=,#".,;-(A;+("22(#8,2=+'-(,6(4--'#'66"+@C

%;1'(#8,2=+'-(/,22(+'S4,+'(5+';5'+".,&'(6'=".,;-C(J8'@(,-#24='(.8'('E#'66,&'2@(456'.(#8,2=G(#8,2=+'-(/,.8(5+'&,;46(4-52'"6"-. 'E5'+,'-#'6(;A("-"'6.8'6,"("-=(64+?'+@G("-=(#'+.",-(#8,2=+'-(/,.8(='&'2;51'-."2(='2"@C(D2='+(#8,2=+'-(;+("=;2'6#'-.6(1"@(+'S4'6. 5+'1'=,#".,;-C

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

D+"2(1,="B;2"1(M_CW(1?h$?R(,6("-(,='"2(5+'1'=,#"-.C(K.("#.6(/,.8,-(OWPT_(1,-(.;(+'=4#'("-E,'.@(2'"=,-?(.;("(1;+'(#;;5'+".,&'(#8,2=G(>4. /,.8(1,-,1"2(='2"@(,-(+'#;&'+@C(J8'(,-.+"&'-;46(A;+142".,;-(,6(46'=G(>4.(,6('E.+'1'2@(>,..'+("-=(68;42=(>'(=,24.'=(,-(#;-#'-.+".'=(A+4,. \4,#'(M5"+"#'."1;2('2,E,+(,6("26;(64,.">2'("-=(8"6(.8'(1'+,.(;A(,-#;+5;+".,-?("-("-"2?'6,#(#;15;-'-.(.;(.8'(5+'1'=,#"-.RC

[2.'+-".,&'(5+'1'=,#"-.6("+'(2,6.'=(;-(5C(ZOWC(J8'@(.'-=(.;(>'(2'66(5+'=,#.">2'("-=(2;-?'+(2"6.,-?C(%;1'(64#8("6(.+,1'5+"B,-'(8"&'(.8' "=&"-."?'(;A(,-#24=,-?(>;.8("(=+@,-?("-=("-.,'1'.,#("#.,;-C

e;='+-("-"'6.8'.,#("?'-.6(=;(-;.(+'S4,+'(.8'(+;4.,-'(46'(;A("-.,#8;2,-'+?,#("?'-.6C

[-.,6,"2;?;?4'(=+4?6("+'(,-=,#".'=(A;+(.8'(6465'#.'=(5+;>2'1(",+/"@("-=(.8'('E#'66,&'2@(=+;;2,-?(#8,2=C(%;1'("-"'6.8'.,6 .6(6.,22 +;4.,-'2@(?,&'(=+@,-?("?'-.6(A;+(-';-".'6("-=(.8'(61"22'+(#8,2=C

J8'(">6;+5.,;-(;A(;+"22@("=1,-,6 .'+'=(".+;5,-'(MU_(x?h$?R(,6(&"+,">2'C

J;('-64+'('AA,#"#@("=1,-,6.'+(".+;5,-'(Q_(x?h$?(Ke(T_(1,-(5+';5'+".,&'2@(;+(O_(x?h$?(KV(".(,-=4#.,;-C([.+;5,-'(68;42=("26; 5+'#'='("=1,-,6.+".,;-(;A(64E"1'.8;-,41(.;(5+;.'#.("?",-6.(5;66,>2'(>+"=@#"+=,"C

N8,2=+'-(4-='+?;,-?(#"+=,"#(64+?'+@("+'(.+"=,.,;-"22@(8'"&,2@(5+'1'=,#".'=C(N8;,#'6(,-#24='(1;+58,-'G(/8,#8(1"@(5+'&'-.(+,?8.

&'-.+,#42"+(,-A4-=,>42"+(65"61(,-(4-#;++'#.'=(H"22;.96(.'.+"2;?@G(;+("(#;1>,-".,;-(;A(=+4?6G('C?C(*'.8(N;G(/8,#8(#;15+,6'6("(1,E.4+'(;A 5'.8,=,-'G(5+;1'.8"B,-'G("-=(58'-'+?"-C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 *"+'-.6(,-(.8'("-"'6.8'.,#(+;;1

K-(.8'(F-,.'=(^,-?=;1("(5"+'-.(,6(+;4.,-'2@("22;/'=(,-.;(.8'("-"'6.8'.,#(+;;1(/8,2'(.8',+(#8,2=(,6("-"'6.8'.,B'=C(K.(,6(-;/("##'5.'=

.8".('-A;+#'=(6'5"+".,;-(=,6'15;/'+6(.8'(5"+'-.("-=(,6("-('1;.,;-"22@(.+"41".,#('E5'+,'-#'(A;+(>;.8(5"+'-.("-=(#8,2=C

*"+'-.6("+'(-".4+"22@("-E,;46(;&'+(2;66(;A(#;-.+;2G("(6 .+"-?'('-&,+;-1'-.G("-=(.8'(5;66,>,2,.@(;A("=&'+6'('&'-.6C(F-A;+.4-".'2@(.8,6 5"+'-."2("-E,'.@(1"@(#;114-,#".'(,.6'2A(.;(.8'(#8,2=C

*"+'-."2(5+'6'-#'(68;42=(-;.(>'(#;15426;+@C(K.(,6(-;.("2/"@6(>'-'A,#,"2("-=(1"@('&'-(>'(#;4-.'+5+;=4#.,&'(/,.8("(&'+@("-E,;46(5"+'-.C 0&,='-#'(;A(>'-'A,.(8"6(;-2@(>''-(='1;-6.+".'=(A;+(#8,2=+'-(;2='+(.8"-(U(@'"+6(/,.8("(#"21(5"+'-.("..'-=,-?(.8'(,-=4#.,;-C *+'6#8;;2(#8,2=+'-("+'('65'#,"22@(".(+,6$(;A(>'8"&,;4+"2(=,6.4+>"-#'G(5+;>">2@(>'#"46'(;A(=,AA,#42.,'6(,-(+'"6;-,-?C(K-(#;-.+"6.(6;1' "=;2'6#'-.6(1"@(-;.(/,68(.8',+(5"+'-.6(.;("##;15"-@(.8'1C

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

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6

K-=4#.,;-(;A("-"'6.8'6,"

K-=4#.,;-(68;42=(;##4+(,-("(#8,2=IA+,'-=2@('-&,+;-1'-.C

[(='=,#".'=(5"'=,".+,#(.8'".+'(,6(-;.("2/"@6("-(;5.,;-C([-("2.'+-".,&'(,6("(#46.;1,B'=(5"'=,".+,#("-"'6.8'.,#(.+;22'@(,-#;+5;+".,-?(" #;15+'8'-6,&'(+"-?'(;A(",+/"@("-=(&"6#42"+('S4,51'-.C

*+'5"+'(=+4?6("-=('S4,51'-.(>'A;+'(.8'(#8,2=("++,&'6C(f'#8'#$(.8'(/',?8.G(46,-?(.8'(A;+142"L(/',?8.(M,-($?R(}(M"?'(m(UR(~(QC(*+'#"2#42".'

.8'(=;6'(;A(".+;5,-'("-=(64E"1'.8;-,41(,-(5+'5"+'=(6@+,-?'6(68;42=(.8'(-''=("+,6'(.;("=1,-,6.'+(.8'6'(=+4?6(4+?'-.2@C J8'(5426'(;E,1'.'+(,6(.8'(1,-,141(1;-,.;+,-?("##'5.">2'(,-(.8'("-"'6 .8'.,#(+;;1G("2.8;4?8(,.(/,22(-;.(+'"=("##4+".'2@(;-(.8'("?,.".'= #8,2=C(d;/'&'+G(1"-@(#8,2=+'-(/,22(.;2'+".'("-(0Nc("-=(!*(#4AA(5+,;+(.;(,-=4#.,;-C

K-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-

K.(,6(,15;+."-.(.;(2'"+-(1;+'(.8"-(;-'(1'.8;=C(:;.("22(#8,2=+'-("+'(646#'5.,>2'(.;(.8'(6"1'(.'#8-,S4'C

%'&;A24+"-'(,6(.8'(&;2".,2'("?'-.(;A(#8;,#'C(K.(,6(+"5,=2@("#.,-?G(?,&,-?("(61;;.8(,-=4#.,;-(/,.8(2'66(#"+=,;&"6#42"+(='5+'66,;-(.8"- 8"2;.8"-'C(K.(,6(-;.(;=;4+2'66G(>4.(,6(+'2".,&'2@(-;-I,++,."-.C(%."+.(.8'(,-=4#.,;-(/,.8(Zs(6'&;A24+"-'(,-(Y_s(-,.+;46(;E,='(/,.8(T_s ;E@?'-C

d"2;.8"-'(,6("-("2.'+-".,&'("?'-.G(>4.(,-=4#.,;-(68;42=(5+;#''=(.8+;4?8(,-#+'1'-."2(,-#+'"6'6(,-(8"2;.8"-'(#;-#'-.+".,;-C K-&;2&'(.8'(5"+'-.("6(14#8("6(5;66,>2'C(J8,6(1"@(,-&;2&'(8;2=,-?(.8'(#8,2=(;+('&'-(5"+.,#,5".,-?(,-(.8'(,-=4#.,;-C

*;6,.,;-(.8'(#8,2=(',.8'+(645,-'(;-(.8'(.+;22'@(;+("#+;66(.8'(2"5(;A(.8'(5"+'-.(6;(.8".(.8'(5"+'-.(;+("-"'6.8'.,#("66,6."-.(#"-(?'-.2@ +'6.+",-(.8'("+16(,A(-'#'66"+@C(7"+-(.8'(5"+'-.(.8".(.8'(#8,2=96(8'"=(/,22(>'#;1'(A2;55@("-=(-''=(6455;+.C

H;+(61"22'+(#8,2=+'-G("(#455'=(8"-=(1'.8;=(,6(46'A42C(D##24='(.8'('-=(;A(.8'(>"?(.;(=,+'#.("22(.8'(A+'68(?"6(A2;/(.;/"+=6(.8'(5".,'-.96 1;4.8("-=(-;6'C

[(A"#'1"6$(,6(;A.'-(.;2'+".'=(>@(;2='+(#8,2=+'-C(J8,6(#"-(>'(8'2=(>@(.8'(5"+'-.G(#8,2=G(;+("-"'6.8'.,6.("-=(.8'(#8,2=(#"-(>'('-#;4+"?'=

.;(>2;/(45(.8'(>"?(k2,$'("(>"22;;-lC([(A2"&;4+'=(A"#'1"6$(1"@(>'(46'A42(,-,.,"22@(>4.(.8'(&;2".,2'("?'-.(+"5,=2@(>'#;1'6(.8'(=;1,-"-. 61'22(/,.8,-(.8'(A"#'1"6$C

J8'(5"+'-.(68;42=(>'(/"+-'=(;A(">-;+1"2(1;&'1'-.6(/8'-(.8'(#8,2=(,6(-'"+2@("-"'6.8'.,B'=C

D-#'("-"'6.8'6,"(,6("#8,'&'=("-=(.8'('@'2"68(+'A2'E(,6(">6'-.G("-"'6.8'6,"(#"-(>'(1",-.",-'=(/,.8("-;.8'+(&;2".,2'("?'-.(,A(='6,+'=C

K-.+"&'-;46(,-=4#.,;-

[2.8;4?8(KV(,-=4#.,;-(8"6(>''-(1"='('"6,'+(/,.8(.8'("=&'-.(;A(2;#"2("-"'6.8'.,#(#+'"1G(,.(68;42=(-;.(>'("..'15.'=(,A(&'-;46("##'66(,6 ;>&,;462@(=,AA,#42.C

J8'(61"22'+(#8,2=(6,.6("#+;66(.8'(5"+'-.96(2"5("-=(.8'("+1(,6(52"#'=(4-='+("-=(.8+;4?8(.8'(5"+'-.96("E,22"G(.8'+'>@(;>6.+4#.,-?(.8' #8,2=96(&,'/C(J8'("-"'6.8'.,#("66,6."-.(?'-.2@(6S4''B'6(.8'("+1(.;(;##24='(&'-;46(>4.(-;.

*CYZ_

"+.'+,"2(64552@("-=(.8'(6$,-(,6(6.+'.#8'=C([2.'+-".,&'2@(.8'("-"'6.8'.,6.(#;15+'66'6(.8'(/+,6.(/,.8(.8'(-;-I#"--42".,-?(8"-=C(J8'(;2='+ #8,2=(/,22(464"22@(2,'(;-(.8'(.+;22'@(/,.8(.8'(5"+'-.(;-(;-'(6,='(;A(.8'(.+;22'@(8;2=,-?(.8'(#8,2=96(8"-=G(/8,2'(.8'(;.8'+(,6(#"--42".'=C J8'(,-=4#.,;-("?'-.(;A(#8;,#'(,6(5+;5;A;2(TPW(1?h$?(/,.8(Os(2,=;#",-'(M2,?-;#",-'R(MO(12hO_(12R("=='=(.;(+'=4#'(5",-(;-(,-\'#.,;-C J8,;5'-."2(".("(=;6'(;A(TPW(1?h$?(,6("(64,.">2'("2.'+-".,&'("-=(,6(2,#'-6'=(A;+(-';-".'6C

^'."1,-'(Q(1?h$?(,6(+'6'+&'=(A;+(8"'1;=@-"1,#"22@(#;15+;1,6'=(5".,'-.6(;+(.8;6'(/,.8(6'&'+'(#"+=,;&"6#42"+(=,6'"6'G(464"22@(,- #;-\4-#.,;-(/,.8(A'-."-@2(OPQ(x?h$?C

N;15"+,6;-(;A(,-.+"&'-;46("-=(,-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-

KV(,-=4#.,;-(,6(6,152'("-=(6"A'+(>4.(,6("66;#,".'=(/,.8(1;+'(8@5;E,"C(J8,6(1"@(>'(>'#"46'(#8,2=+'-("+'(+"+'2@(5+';E@?'-".'=C K-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-(5+;=4#'6(1;+'(#;4?8,-?("-=(2"+@-?;65"61C

*6@#8;2;?,#"2(6.4=,'6(64??'6.(.8".(,-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-(1"@(>'(1;+'(.+"41".,#(.;(.8'(#8,2=(>4.(.8'(1"\;+,.@(;A(#8,2=+'-(4-='+(Z(@'"+6 #8;;6'(.8,6(.'#8-,S4'(,A(?,&'-(.8'(#8;,#'C

K-(5+"#.,#'(,.(6''16(5+4='-.(.;(;5.(A;+(KV(,-=4#.,;-(,A(5;66,>2'(4-2'66(.8'(#8,2=("#.,&'2@(#8;;6'6("-(,-8"2".,;-"2(1'.8;=C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 J,56(A;+(#"--42".,;-

*+;>2'16(,-(6'#4+,-?(KV("##'66(#"-(>'(=,AA,#42.('&'-(A;+(5"'=,".+,#("-"'6.8'.,6 .6y(K.(,6(,15;+."-.(.;(+'"2,B'(.8,6G(+'2"EG("-=(6'-=(A;+(8'25 ,A(-'#'66"+@C(c;;=(2,?8.,-?G(#;15'.'-.("-"'6.8'.,#("66,6."-#'G("-=("(6'2'#.,;-(;A(#"--42"6(/,.8(5+'5"+'=(6"2,-'IA2468(6@+,-?'6("+'("22 '66'-.,"2C

:';-".'6(;A.'-(8"&'(64+5+,6,-?2@(?;;=(645'+A,#,"2(&',-6(;-(.8'(8"-=(;+(/+,6.C(D.8'+/,6'(8'"2.8@(#8,2=+'-(>'./''-(T(1;-.86("-=(Q @'"+6(#"-(>'(-;.;+,;462@(=,AA,#42.(>'#"46'(;A(.8'(A".(5"=(;&'+(>;.8(.8'(8"-=("-=(A;;.C

N;15+'66,;-(;A("(2,1>(68;42=("#.("6("(&'-;46(+".8'+(.8"-("+.'+,"2(.;4+-,S4'.C(J8'(6$,-(,6(;A.'-(1;>,2'("-=(68;42=(>'(?'-.2@(6.+'.#8'=C 0E"1,-'(.8'(/+,6.6("-=(=;+641(;A(A''.(A;+(645'+A,#,"2(&',-6C(J8'(6#"25(,6("(5;66,>,2,.@(A;+(-';-".'6(>4.(,.(,6(=,AA,#42.(.;(6'#4+'C(J8'(2;-? 6"58'-;46("-=(#'58"2,#(&',-6(1"@(>'(5"25".'=C

K-(6;1'(#8,2=+'-G(1;6.(#;11;-2@(,-(.8'(A''.G(.8'(6$,-(,6(64+5+,6,-?2@(.;4?8("-=("(61"22(-,#$(,-(.8'(6$,-(/,.8("(QOc(-''=2'(1"@(>' -'#'66"+@('65'#,"22@(/,.8(61"22(#"--42"6C(a;;6'-,-?(.8'(#"5(;A(.8'(#"--42"(/,22(5'+1,.(A2"68>"#$(;A(>2;;=(,-(61"22(&',-6C

F-2,$'("=42.6(.+"-6A,E,;-(,6(5;66,>2'(,-(61"22'+(#8,2=+'-C(K.(,6("(5;.'-.,"22@(46'A42(.'#8-,S4'(A;+("22(&',-6(>4.('65'#,"22@(,-(k>2,-=l(2;-?

6"58'-;46("-=(A'1;+"2(&',-(#"--42".,;-C

KA("22('26'(A",26G(,-.+";66';46("##'66(#"-(>'("-(,-&"24">2'("2.'+-".,&'C(D>6'+&,-?("6'5.,#(5+'#"4.,;-6G(5+'5"+'("-("+'"(;A(6$,-(;&'+(.8' "-.'+;1'=,"2("65'#.(;A(.8'(.,>,"(O(#1(>'2;/("-=(1'=,"2(.;(.8'(.,>,"2(.4>'+;6,.@C(J8'(,-.+";66';46(-''=2'(,6(,-6'+.'=(5'+5'-=,#42"+2@

.;(.8'(6$,-("-=("=&"-#'=(,-("(./,6.,-?(5468,-?(1;&'1'-.("?",-6.(.8'(>;-'(4-.,2(.8'+'(,6("(64=='-(2;66(;A(+'6,6."-#'C(J8'(5;6,.,;-(,6 #;-A,+1'=(,A(.8'(-''=2'(+'1",-6(45+,?8.(/,.8;4.(6455;+.G(1"++;/(#"-(>'("65,+".'=G("-=(A24,=(#"-(>'("=1,-,6.'+'=(/,.8;4.

64>#4."-';46(6/'22,-?("+;4-=(.8'('-.+@(6,.'C(N8,2=+'-(#"-(>'(64##'66A422@("-"'6.8'.,B'=(&,"(.8,6(+;4.'("2.8;4?8(.8,;5'-."2(68;42=(>' "&;,='=(>'#"46'(;A(,.6(,++,."-.(5+;5'+.,'6C(J8'(,-.+";66';46(+;4.'(,6(5"+.,#42"+2@(46'A42(,-(A24,=(+'646#,.".,;-(;A(.8'(68;#$'=(#8,2= >'A;+'(='A,-,.,&'(,-.+"&'-;46("##'66(#"-(>'(?",-'=C

J8'(64+?,#"2(#4.I=;/-(,6(+"+'2@(-''='=G(;A.'-(.'#8-,#"22@(=,AA,#42.G("-=(68;42=(>'(+'6'+&'=("6("-(">6;24.'2@(2"6.(+'6;+.C

!"#$ %"&'()(*+,-.(*+'&,'/()(01",2()(01",2(34156."+.

!"#$%#&'$()***

78".96(:'/(,-(!;;$6 [,+/"@(1"-"?'1'-.

[,+/"@(#;152,#".,;-6(,-#24=,-?(#;4?8,-?G(2"+@-?;65"61G("-=(455'+(",+/"@6(;>6.+4#.,;-("+'(1;+'(#;11;-(,-(#8,2=+'-C J8'(#;+-'+6.;-'(.;(",+/"@(1"-"?'1'-.("6(/,.8("=42.6(,6(.8'(.+,52'(1"-;'4&+'(;A(8'"=(.,2.G(#8,-(2,A.G("-=(\"/(.8+46.C

d@5'+'E.'-6,;-(;A(.8'(-'#$(,-(.8'(-';-".'(;A.'-(/;+6'-6(.8'(",+/"@("-=("(-'4.+"2(5;6,.,;-(,6(464"22@(1;+'(64##'66A42C(H;+(;2='+ #8,2=+'-G(.8'("=42.(k6-,AA,-?(.8'(1;+-,-?(",+l(5;6,.,;-(68;42=(>'("=;5.'=C

%1"22'+(#8,2=+'-(=;(-;.(+'S4,+'("(5,22;/](.8,6(1"@(2'"=(.;(4-/"-.'=(8'"=(A2'E,;-C

J8'(5"'=,".+,#(A"#'1"6$(68;42=(>'("##4+".'2@(6,B'=("-=(8'2=(?'-.2@(>4.(A,+12@(;-(.8'(A"#'(/,.8(.8'(.841>("-=(A;+'A,-?'+C(J8'(;.8'+ A,-?'+6(68;42=(#4+2("+;4-=("-=(?+,5(.8'(1"-=,>2'C(K.(,6(,15;+."-.(.;("&;,=(5+'66,-?(;-(.8'(A2;;+(;A(.8'(1;4.8G(/8,#8(/,22(5468(.8'

.;-?4'(A;+/"+=("-=(;>6.+4#.(.8'(",+/"@C

0"+2@(46'(;A("-(;+;58"+@-?'"2(",+/"@(1"@(>'(46'A42(,-(;2='+(#8,2=+'-C

[(-"6;58"+@-?'"2(",+/"@(1"@(>'("..'15.'=C(J8,6(68;42=(>'(/'22(24>+,#".'=C(K.(,6(,-=,#".'=(,-(#"6'6(;A(1,#+;?-".8,"("-=(#"-(>' ,-6'+.'=(".(2,?8.'+(2'&'26(;A("-"'6.8'6,"C

J8'(1;6 .(,15;+."-.(.'#8-,S4'(,-(1"-"?'1'-.(;A(.8'(",+/"@(,6(\4=,#,;46(46'(;A(N*[*C(0-64+'("(?;;=(6'"2(/,.8(.8'(A"#'1"6$(.8'- 5"+.,"22@(;##24='(.8'(>"?(;-(.8'([@+'96(JI5,'#'C

a"+@-?;65"61

a"+@-?;65"61(,6(1;+'(#;11;-(,-(#8,2=+'-(.8"-("=42.6C([==,.,;-"2(+,6$(A"#.;+6(,-#24='(,-8"2".,;-"2(,-=4#.,;-G("6.81"G(#8+;-,#(24-? =,6'"6'G("-=("-(,-.'+#4++'-.(455'+(+'65,+".;+@(.+"#.(,-A'#.,;-C

N8,2=+'-(>'#;1'(#@"-;6'=(1;+'(+"5,=2@(.8"-("=42.6(>'#"46'(;A(,-#+'"6'=(1'.">;2,#(+".'h;E@?'-(#;-6415.,;-("-=(+'=4#'=(HfNC

N;-.+"+@(.;(.8'(;2=("="?'G(#8,2=+'-(=;(-;.(k"2/"@6(."$'("(A,-"2(>+'".8lC(!+"=@#"+=,"(,6("(5+'1;+>,=('&'-.(,-=,#".,-?(,-"='S4".'(#"+=,"# ;4.54.("-=("(6,?-,A,#"-.(+,6$(;A(#'+'>+"2(8@5;E,"C

*"+.,"2(2"+@-?;65"61(1"-"?'1'-.L

O__s(;E@?'-

N*[*

?'-.2'("66,6.'=(&'-.,2".,;-

5+;5;A;2(OPQ(1?h$?(>;246C

N;152'.'(2"+@-?;65"61(1"-"?'1'-.L

O__s(;E@?'-

N*[*

"66,6.'=(&'-.,2".,;-(1"@('E"#'+>".'(.8'(#;-=,.,;-(>@(,-A2".,-?(.8'(6.;1"#8("-=(A;+#,-?(.8'("+@.'-;,=6("-=(A"26'(#;+=6("?",-6.

.8'(.+4'(&;#"2(#;+=6C

0"+2@("=1,-,6.+".,;-(;A(64E"1'.8;-,41(Q(1?h$?("-=(".+;5,-'(O_(x?h$?(1"@(>'(-'#'66"+@C