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SUPPLEMENT

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Your eyes are fixed on what looks like a delicious meal. Your appetite is stirred, and your mouth begins to water. Oddly, however, this "food" has no aroma, no taste, and no nutritional value. It will never spoil and requires no refrigeration. What is it? In Japan there can be only one answer – a plastic food model. Plastic food is a vinyl replica of an item found on a restaurant menu. It is made to be the precise size, shape, and color of the actual item.

These food displays come in many forms – from traditional

Almost Good Enough to Eat!УНІВЕРСИТЕ

more than 10,000 food items!

Japanese dishes, such as sushi, to Western favorites, such as pizza and spaghetti. There ДЕРЖАВНИЙare also replicas of beverages, appetizers, and desserts. The variety is staggering. In fact, one manufacturer offers

Plastic food looks real. Fine details – such as the tiny bumps on the skin of a baked chicken, the randomly spaced seeds in a slice of watermelon, and the subtle bend in a leaf of lettuce – are masterfully incorporated. But how did plastic food become so popular in restaurants in Japan?

Late in the 19th century, some restaurants displayed samples of their dishes to introduce foreign foods to the Japanese public. Passersby could thus preview the food without having to walk in. Of course, the displays attracted not only people but also animals and flies. Heat and humidity caused the food to spoil, and it was costly to prepare the

samples every day.

УМСЬКИЙIn time, real food was replaced by replicas made of painted wax. But wax had a major drawback – it deteriorated in hot weather.

Eventually, wax was replaced with vinyl plastics. Here, at last, was a product that was durable as well as able to resist the heat and at the same time attract the right kind of customers – people! But how are plastic replicas created?

First, a mold of the food item is made. A piece of steak, for instance, is placed in a square container, and then silicon is poured in until the steak is fully immersed. After the mold hardens, it is flipped over. The steak is removed, and an impression is left. Colored vinyl is

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then poured into the mold and baked at 82 degrees Celsius. Once cooled, the imitation steak is removed. Now it may be painted.

A close look at a bowl of freshly cooked JapaneseУНІВЕРСИТЕrice reveals that individual grains appear to stand in relation to each other. The entire

To make a sandwich, each component – bread, meat, cheese, and lettuce – needs to be molded separately. After that, the process is similar to preparing a real sandwich. The various items are placed on top of each other between slices of bread. With a plastic Sandwich,

however, glue holds the pieces together.

In a sense, making plastic food is a form of art. "The key to making plastic food look real is carefully examining real food," says Katsuji Kaneyama, who has been in the business for some 23 years. "People look at food as something to eat. We look at food as

something to make."

molded separately. Simply gathering the grains is not enough because

bowl of rice "gentlyДЕРЖАВНИЙrises from within and peaks in the middle," explains Kaneyama. To create this effect, each grain needs to be

they will lie flat. Instead, the grains must be carefully glued into position in such a way that they reflect the cresting of real rice. Adding a realistic touch makes the food more appealing to the discerning eye.

Becoming proficient at making plastic food takes years of experience. An apprentice may spend the first few years learning basic skills, starting with simpler items such as mushrooms. About ten years of study are needed before making a convincing replica of a freshly caught fish with its complex textures and colors. It may take up to 15

years before one is considered an expert in the field.

If you happen to walk by a restaurant in Japan and see

mouthwatering dishes on display, think about the painstaking work УМСЬКИЙ

that went into their creation. It may well cause you to wonder which takes more skill – preparing real food or making its plastic counterpart!

The Hitchhiker

John Henderson was driving home late last night from an exhausting business trip. He had put off visiting the company's new headquarters in order to get home before midnight, and now he was Having trouble staying awake. He turned up the radio and tried to concentrate on the news – something about a robbery – but his eyes

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It was then that he noticed the hitchhiker at the side of the roadWithout even thinking about what he was doing, he slowed down and stopped the car. He couldn't help feeling sorry for the young man who looked so wet and miserable in the rain. "Get in," he said.

John remembered having to hitchhike home from the university before he had a car. He couldn't stand sitting at the side of the road for hours, waiting for rides.

The hitchhiker got in and immediately John was sorry that he had picked him up. The young man had a strange face and very penetrating eyes. His clothes were old and dirty, and his long hair needed cutting. The hitchhiker lit a cigarette and said that he was going to Woodsville but when John asked him other questions, the young man

avoided giving him any personal information and changed the subject. John began toДЕРЖАВНИЙsweat and his thoughts turned nervously to his wallet and all the money he was carrying. He desperately tried to

remember what the newscaster had said earlier about a robbery. Don't be ridiculous! he thought to himself. Stop imagining things! This guy isn't a criminal. What's the use of panicking?

Even though he had quit smoking three months before, John felt like having a cigarette. He asked his passenger for one but before lighting it, he had to wait for his hands to stop shaking. At the next small town John stopped the car and said, "I just can't seem to stay awake. I think I'll try and find a hotel and spend the night here." He apologized nervously to the hitchhiker for not being able to drive him to Woodsville.

The young man slowly reached into his pocket. "This is it!"

thought John. "I'm a dead man." At that very moment he considered УМСЬКИЙshouting for help, but instead of a gun or a knife, the hitchhiker pulled out several wrinkled bills and offered them to John. "Oh, no. I don't

want your money. Just get out. Okay?"

The young man looked puzzled, but insisted on giving John the money – $500. "My father is John Baresford, the oil millionaire, you see," he said. "Thanks for taking me this far."

John waited until his passenger had disappeared from sight, then he stepped on the gas and drove out of town. He was looking forward to getting home. Martha will never believe this! - he thought to himself.

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Some years ago, the term "mobile phone" was something of a

misnomer. Phones were only "mobile" if you were very strong or if you had one installed in your car, since their batteries were extremely heavy. The phones were bigger than shoe boxes, and they cost thousands of dollars.

Today there are some 1.35 billion mobile phones. In some

countries more than half the population own them. Most fit in the palm of your hand, and they are sometimes even provided free of

charge.* The Australian journal The Bulletin reports: "Nearly as many of these devices are in use as [there are] TV sets and personal computers combined." In over 20 countries, there are now more

The Mobile Phone: Friend orУНІВЕРСИТЕFoe?

mobile phones than fixed phone lines. One industry expert describes mobile phones asДЕРЖАВНИЙnot just a technological marvel but "a social

phenomenon." What effect are mobile phones having on society? Are they friend or foe?

The booming sales of mobile phones are a boon to many businesses. One large firm stated: "The mobile telephone market is the largest consumer electronics segment ever." In other words, more money is spent on mobile phones now than on any other electronic device in the past.

In Australia, for example, more than 15 million of the 20 million inhabitants own a mobile phone. The customers of just one of the many telephone companies in that country made 7.5 billion mobilephone calls in a recent year. Worldwide, mobile phones generate

billions of dollars a year for telecommunication companies. It is easy УМСЬКИЙto see why big business views the mobile phone as a friend.

Many of the millions of messages exchanged between these hightech devices are, not in the form of speech, but in the form of the written word. Instead of speaking into the handset, a growing number of mobile-phone users – especially youths – are using a facility called the Short Message Service (SMS). This service allows them, at relatively little expense, to type and send brief messages to each other. Because communicating in this way requires typing a message on the phone's tiny keypad, SMS devotees use an abbreviated form of language that

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exchanged worldwide.

combines letters and numbers to make word sounds. Despite the inconvenience of composing and typing a messageУНІВЕРСИТЕas opposed to speaking with the recipient, each month about 30 billion messages are

What are all these messages about? A British study discovered that 42 percent of youths between the ages of 18 and 24 use SMS to flirt, 20 percent use this chic form of communication to ask a person out on

a date, and 13 percent have used SMS to end a relationship.

Some social commentators worry that the mangled spelling and syntax used in SMS messages is harming the literacy skills of young ones. Others disagree, stating that the SMS phenomenon is "spawning

the revival of writing in a new generation." A spokesperson for a firm

that produces an Australian dictionary told the Sun-Herald newspaper: "It's not often we get the opportunity to develop a whole new style [of

words and the code... of the genre."

language]... the combination of text messaging [SMS] and the internet means young peopleДЕРЖАВНИЙare doing a lot more writing. [They] have to be fluent and articulate enough to pick up the style and master the in-

Some Unfriendly Tendencies

While mobile phones are a useful tool both for socializing and for conducting business, to many employees these devices might sometimes seem more like a fetter than a friend – making them feel chained to the office. One survey found that 80 percent of advertising employees and 60 percent of construction workers feel pressured to be available, either to their employers or to clients, at all times. The pressure people feel to respond to a mobile-phone call no matter where they are or what they are doing is creating what one researcher calls a "culture of interruptions." In response, engineers have

УМСЬКИЙdeveloped a building material for use in restaurants and theaters that can block out mobile-phone signals.

More than just creating annoying intrusions, these ubiquitous devices have the potential to become a public enemy. A Canadian study found that using a mobile phone while driving is as dangerous as driving under the influence of alcohol. Professor Mark Stevenson, of the Injury Research Centre at the University of Western Australia, explains that holding a conversation on the telephone is considerably more difficult than just having a conversation in the car with someone. Despite the dangers and the fact that police in some places can fine

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offending drivers, a recent survey found that 1 in 5 Australian drivers sent SMS messages and one third made or receivedУНІВЕРСИТЕcalls on their

mobile handsets while driving.

The dangers of inappropriate mobile-phone use extend to air travel. While the wiring in newer aircraft is shielded from mobilephone signals, some aircraft still in service are said to be susceptible to interference. New Scientist repots: "In tests aboard two airliners, Britain's Civil Aviation Authority [CAA] has confirmed that cellphone radiation interferes with flight-critical electronics." Identifying a key threat posed by .the phones, a CAA spokesman said: "A cellphone emits more power the further it is from a base station. So as an aircraft climbs, the mobile signal increases in power, boosting the interference level at a critical time in a flight." An Australian study found that personal electronic devices, including mobile phones, caused a

number of incidents where commercial aircraft suffered in-flight problems because ДЕРЖАВНИЙpassengers ignored the warnings to turn the devices off while oh board.

Mobile Phones and Cancer

Controversy still continues over whether the radio frequencies emitted from mobile phones and the base stations that relay their signals can cause cancer in humans. Because hundreds of millions of people use these devices, even if only a small percentage were to develop health problems, that would translate into a major health risk. Therefore, dozens of in-depth scientific studies have investigated the effect of mobile-phone radiation on living tissue. What conclusions have been reached?

The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP)

released a report staling: "'The Expert Group believes that, on the УМСЬКИЙbasis of the evidence currently available, there is no need for the general population to be worried about the use of mobile phones."

New Scientist also reported: "Despite scare, stories in recent years, ''the majority of evidence to date suggests that exposure to mobile phone radio frequency emissions does not have adverse effects on health. Studies that have shown effects have proved difficult to reproduce."

Because of lingering doubts about the health effects of mobile phones, millions of dollars continue to be poured into further research.

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"Use [mobile] phones for as short a time as possible. Use phones with low specific energy absorption rate (SAR) values. Use hands-free kits and other devices provided they have been proved to reduce SAR." The Expert Group also recommends that "children less than sixteen years of age should be discouraged from using mobile phones," since the developing nervous system of children would make them "more vulnerable to any unrecognised health risks."

Though dogged by controversy, the mobile phone is having a profound impact both economically and socially. Like its electronic cousins – the TV and the personal computer - the mobile phone has the potential to be either a useful slave or a demanding master. The power to determine whether it becomes friend or foe is literally in the

hands of the user.

Imagine a single piece of paper transformed into a beautiful, threedimensional crane. Its wings are proudly extended, and rising from the bird's graceful body is along slender neck. Crowned by an elegant head and a distinctive beak. Amazingly, this crane is created by folding a square piece of paper in a precise 12-step process.

The making of a stunning array of shapes by folding, opening, and bending a flat piece of paper is a Japanese art form called origami. The term itself means "folded paper". Although its origins are not clearly known, origami in Japan can be traced back to ancient times when formal documents were elaborately folded. Іt is thought that

Origami.ДЕРЖАВНИЙThe Art of Folding Paper

during the Edo period (1603 - 1867), origami developed as a form of УМСЬКИЙleisure activity that anyone could enjoy. It was then that new techniques of folding were developed. This art has been handed down

from one generation to another as parents have taught their children and grandchildren. Many Japanese fondly recall that as children they would stare in astonishment while their mother nimbly folded paper, creating delightful objects for them.

Based on the shapes created, there are basically two classifications of origami. One is called traditional origami, which involves forming paper cranes, frogs, boats, balloons, insects, and plants. The other is called creative origami, which departs from the traditional techniques

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that have been used for centuries. Large dinosaurs, elaborate insects, and other intricate designs are created in this type of origami.

In modern times a number of professional fields, such as architecture, have applied the principles of origami in the design of a wide variety of functional products. Origami has also been used by health providers as an effective rehabilitation exercise for the elderly and the handicapped.

How can you make origami? Traditional origami is not difficult. It requires no special tools or training - just care and your powers of observation. Of course, you need appropriate paper and the rules for folding. Anyone who patiently and faithfully folds the paper can transform it into an attractive shape.

You can check if the paper is square by bringing the opposite corners together and folding the paper into a triangle. If all the edges match perfectly, then the paper has been cut correctly.

To produce a beautiful end result, you have to fold the paper so that corner matches corner and edge matches edge precisely. Also, he folds must be tight. When folding the paper in half to form a triangle,

hold the two diagonal corners together firmly and exactly between УМСЬКИЙyour thumb and first finger, and then fold the base with your other hand. When folding the paper in half to form a rectangle, make sure

that both top corners match perfectly, and then hold the top edges together firmly while you fold the base.

Some origami shapes require that the paper be folded and then unfolded, producing a crease in preparation for the next step. The paper is at times curled, pleated, rolled over, pinched, pushed in, blown open, turned over – all in order to shape it for different effects.

Origami can be enjoyed anywhere, anytime. After learning this art, basically all you need is paper. By just using your fingers, you can

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A Sad Story

Three young men arrived in New York for a holiday. They have reserved a room at a big hotel for two nights. When they came to the hotel the receptionist told them that they could have a nice room on the 45th floor.

He gave them the key to their room after they have filled in the forms. The porter showed them to the lift.

“I’m very sorry, - said the hotel clerk, - but our lifts don’t work

In the evening the three men went to the theatre. The theatre was a long way from theДЕРЖАВНИЙhotel and they came back very late.

tonight. We can make beds for you in the hall”.

“No, thank you, - answered one of the young men. – We’ll go up to our room”.

Then he turned to his friends and said, “On our way to the room I’ll tell you some jokes, then you, Andy, will sing some songs, then you, Peter, will tell us some said stories. So the time will fly fast”.

So they began to walk up. Tom told them a few jokes, Andy sang some songs. At last they came to the thirty-fourth floor.

“Now, Peter, it’s your turn to tell us a long sad story”.

“Oh, I have a very sad story to tell you. It’s not long, but it’s very sad.

We’ve left the key to our room in the hall”.

УМСЬКИЙ* * *

Once a French cabman played a joke on Conan Doyle. When Conan Doyle arrived in Paris it was raining heavily. He took a cab and asked the cabman to take him to the Ritz Hotel as he had reserved a room there a few days before.

The cabman brought him to the hotel. When he had received his fare he said, “Thank you, Mr. Conan Doyle”. “How do you know my name?” – asked Conan Doyle.

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the South of France. So I decided it was you”.

“Well, sir, - replied the driver, - the other day I saw in the papers that you were coming from the South of France to Paris.УНІВЕРСИТЕYour appearance told me you were British, and I also saw you had had your hair cut in

“You are a wonderful detective, - said Conan Doyle. – Were there any other things about me that could help you to think it was I?”

“Well, - said the cabman, - there was also your name on your suitcase, sir”.

Capoeira. Dance, Sport, or Martial Art?

“The balance and flexibility of acrobatics, the grace and strength

of dance, the speed and cunning of the flight, and the rhythms of the music” – that is how one writer defined the essence of the Brazilian art

named capoeira. According to one writer, capoeira has become "a truly global phenomenon."ДЕРЖАВНИЙ

Choreographer and researcher Edward Lunda calls it "a unique fusion between a dance, martial art, game, and ritual." The New

Encyclopaedia Britannica describes it as a "folk dance." How is it performed? Players and onlookers form a circle, inside of which "two men face each other, emulating the blows and parries of 'the fight' in time with the rhythms of the berimbau, or musical bow."

While there is much debate over the origins of capoeira, most researchers believe it is rooted in African tribal dances and rituals. It evidently made its way to Brazil during the days of slave trading. For decades the dance was practiced by slaves – despite the suppression of African culture by slave owners.

When slavery was abolished in Brazil in 1888, "the newly freed УМСЬКИЙslaves," according to one Brazilian writer, "did not find a place for themselves within the existing socio-economic order." As a result,

many former slaves joined criminal gangs. Capoeira became a form of violent street combat. Armed with knives and sticks, these gangs terrorized neighborhoods.

The journal Planet Capoeira admits that the street form of the dance was "rough stuff." It explains: "Its teachers eliminated all the pretty moves that were not much use in real fights. For example, kicks were lower, and aimed at the body rather than the head. The hands

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Not surprisingly, then, capoeira was banned nationwide in 1890. Convicted capoeiras faced prison sentences, up to 300 lashes, and even deportation.

were used in various ways to deceive or to deliver punches to the body or finger strikes to the eyes. There was no music,УНІВЕРСИТЕ[and there were] no cartwheels and no acrobatics except those that were combat-oriented."

In the 1930's, Manuel dos Reis Machado, known in capoeira circles as Mestre Bimba, opened an academy for teaching the art. Of course, since the practice was still illegal, he was careful not to say publicly that he was teaching capoeira. In 1937 after winning the approval of Brazilian President Getulio Vargas, capoeira gained the status of an authentic Brazilian sport. Today an estimated 2,500,000 Brazilians practice capoeira, and it is taught in many public

institutions, such as schools, universities, and military academies. While capoeiraДЕРЖАВНИЙhas dancelike moves, many still classify it as a

martial art. Augusto, who learned capoeira with his father, is convinces that “despite being a form of dance, it incites violence and violates principles of peace and love”. He observes: “It would be easy to use capoeira in a moment of anger to hurt someone”. Even when performers seek to avoid physical contact, a mistimed movement can result in serous injuries.

Many also feel that capoeira has strong religious overtones. Pedro Moraes Trindade, a capoeira master from Bahia State, Brazil, describes it as “a fusion of the body and mind”. He adds: “By viewing capoeira as just sport, you minimize its history and its philosophy”. Edmilson, who practiced capoeira for eight years in Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, notes: “Some chulas [introiductory songs] and rituals

УМСЬКИЙassociated with capoeira are clearly related to spiritism”

Humour

Angry wife: He accused me of filing my nails – so I thought I’d nail his files.

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ADoctor, I keep thinking I’m a dog.

BCan you lie down on the sofa, please?

ANo, I’m not allowed on the furniture.

temper.

B I’m sorry, can you say that again?

A Not, I’ve already told you once, you idiot!

A Doctor, I’ve got a problem with my eyes. I keep seeing double. B Can you lie down on the coach, please?

A Which one? The one on the left or the one on the right?

Don’t poke your nose into what isn’t your business

It happened on a New Year’s Eve. What makes that New Year’s Eve a remarkable one is that Jack, an old friend of mine, spent a public in Oxford.

Jack was sitting on a bench under an oak tree and was kissing a girl or, УМСЬКИЙshould I say, a young lady, as hard as he could…

As I was saying, it was a public park, and the gates had long been shut.

Unpleasant as it was, the policeman felt he had to do his duty; he came up to them, asked them to leave the park at once and demanded to see their documents. And that is when the whole thing began!

After the policeman had examined their documents he realized that they were man and wife… He could not help smiling and said very

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– You see – said my friend – it was very dark and I didn’t know she

politely, looking Jack in the face – Excuse my poking my nose into what isn’t my business, but why don’t you kiss yourУНІВЕРСИТЕwife at home?

was my wife until you lit your torch. It was all a dreadful mistake! If I’d known she was my wife I wouldn’t have kissed her at all! Believe me!

Strong will power

Betty looked at her husband scornfully and said:

– Didn’t your doctor tell you to give up smoking?

– He did – answered Dick who seemed to be ashamed of himself –

and…

– And yet you insist on smoking like a chimney – continued Betty –

you smoke at least 30 cigarettes a day!

– Er…well, – answeredДЕРЖАВНИЙDick who seemed under his wife’s thumb – I suppose I’d better cut it down for a time. I don’t think I could actually

do without a cigarette all day long.

– And where is your strong will power? – asked Betty – you should break the habit at once!

Dick had always been as meek as a mouse but this time he felt he could not give way:

– You can think what you like, darling, but I just can’t do it.

– What?! Can’t do it?!! – exclaimed Betty. – Look at your fried Bill! He’s given up smoking successfully, over twenty times!..

The weather is rather changeable, isn’t it?

The weather in England is unpredictable enough and in Scotland it is УМСЬКИЙeven more so.

However, on the day I came to Loch Lomond the weather was lovely. The sun was shining brightly, birds were singing, and the trees were just bursting into leaf. You could smell spring in the air.

As Mr. Something-or-other (a native of the place) and I went down to the lake shore, I could not help admiring the landscape. The scenery was grand and the beauty of it all nearly took my breath away…

– I wonder whether the good weather will last – I said, - I didn’t have time to listen to the weather forecast this morning.

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* * *

The Scotsman gave a sigh and said – I never do, I don’t have to. – And pointing at something across the water he added,УНІВЕРСИТЕ– If you can see across the loch it’s going to rain, and if you can’t, it’s raining.

I dread success. To have succeeded is to have finished one’s business on earth, like the male spider, who is killed by the female the moment he has succeeded in his courtship. I like a state of continual becoming, with a goal in front and not behind.

George Bernard Shaw

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To do all that one is able to do is to be a man; to do all that one would like to do is to be aДЕРЖАВНИЙgod.

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He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do a second and third time, till at length it becomes habitual; he tells lies without attending to it, and truths without the world’s believe him. This falsehood of the tongue leads to that of the heart, and in time depraves all its good disposition.

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A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees

the opportunity in every difficulty.

УМСЬКИЙ* * *

The most powerful men are not public men: a public man is responsible, and a responsible man is a slave. It is private life that governs the world.

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Men occasionally stumble over the thruth, themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had

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Whatever is begun in anger ends in shame.

butУНІВЕРСИТЕmost of them pick happened.

Sir Winston Churchill

Benjamin Franklin

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