Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Хански И_Ускользающий мир_2009

.pdf
Скачиваний:
304
Добавлен:
14.05.2015
Размер:
9 Мб
Скачать
☆

3 3 0 Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Orians G.H. 1980. Habitat selection: General theory and applications to human behavior // J.S. Lockard (ed.). The Evolution ofHuman Social Behavior. N.Y.: Elsevier. P. 49-66.

Ouborg N.J. 1993. Isolation, population size and extinction: the classical and metapopulation ap­ proaches appliedtovascular plants along the Dutch Rhine-system// Oikos. Vol. 66. P. 298-308.

Ouborg N.J., Eriksson O. 2004. Toward a metapopulation concept for plants // I. Hanski, O.E. Gaggiotti (eds.). Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution of Metapopulations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. P. 447-470.

Ovaskainen O. 2001. The quasi-stationary distribution of the stochastic logistic model // J. Appl. Probab. Vol. 38. P. 898-907.

Ovaskainen O. 2002a. The effective size of a metapopulation living in a heterogeneous patch network// Am. Nat. Vol. 160. P. 612-628.

Ovaskainen O. 2002b. Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem // J. Theor. Biol. Vol. 218. P. 419^133.

Ovaskainen O. 2003. Habitat destruction, habitat restoration and eigenvector-eigenvalue relations // Math. Biosci. Vol. 181. P. 165-176.

Ovaskainen O. 2004. Habitat-specific movement parameters estimated using mark-recapture data and a diffusionmodel // Ecology. Vol. 85. P. 242-257.

OvaskainenO., Hanski 1.2001. Spatially structuredmetapopulationmodels: global andlocal assess­ ment ofmetapopulation capacity // Theor. Popul. Biol. Vol. 60. P. 281-304.

Ovaskainen O., Hanski I. 2002. Transient dynamics in metapopulation response to perturbation // Theor. Popul. Biol. Vol. 61. P. 285-295.

Ovaskainen O., Hanski 1.2003a. Extinction threshold inmetapopulation models //Ann. Zool. Fenn. Vol. 40. P. 81-97.

Ovaskainen O., Hanski I. 2003b. How much does an individual habitat fragment contribute to metapopulation dynamics and persistence? // Theor. Popul. Biol. Vol. 64. P. 481^195.

Ovaskainen O., Hanski I. 2003c. The species-area relation derived from species-specific incidence functions // Ecol. Lett. Vol. 6. P. 903-909.

Ovaskainen O., Hanski I. 2004. Metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes // I. Hanski, O.E. Gaggiotti (eds.). Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution in Metapopulations. Amster­ dam: Elsevier Academic Press. P. 73-104.

Ovaskainen O., Sato K., Bascompte J., Hanski I. 2002. Metapopulation models for extinction threshold in spatially correlated landscapes // J. Theor. Biol. Vol. 215. P. 95-108.

Owen D.F. 1983. The abundance and biomass of forest animals // F.B. Golley (ed.). Tropical Rain Forest. Amsterdam: Elsevier. P. 93-100.

PadillaD.K., Williams S.L. 2004. Beyondballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems // Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Vol. 2. P. 131-138.

Pakkala Т., Hanski I., Tomppo E. 2002. Spatial ecology of the three-toed woodpecker in managed forest landscapes // Silva Fenn. Vol. 36. P. 279-288.

ParmesanC., Yohe G.. 2003. Agloballycoherent fingerprint ofclimate change impacts acrossnatural systems // Nature. Vol. 421. P. 37-42.

Parmesan C., Ryrholm N., Stefanescu C., Hill J.K., Thomas C.D., Descimon H., Huntley B., Kaila L., Kullberg J., Tammaru Т., Tennent W.J., Thomas J.A., Warren M. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming // Nature. Vol. 399. P. 579-583.

Penttila R., Siitonen J., Kuusinen M. 2004. Polypore diversity in managed and old-growth boreal Picea abies forests in southern Finland// Biol. Conserv. Vol. 117. P. 271-283.

PessaJ., EskelinТ., OhtonenA., SiiraJ. 1994. Linnut. Vuotoksen SuunnitellunAllasalueenLuonnon Tutkimukset, osa L. Oulu, Finland: Oulun yliopisto.

Pethick J. 2002. Estuarine and tidal wetland restoration in the United Kingdom: policy versus practice // Restor. Ecol. Vol. 10. P. 431-437.

Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

3 3 1

Petit S., Moilanen A., Hanski I., Baguette M. 2001. Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: movements between habitat patches // Oikos. Vol. 92. P. 491-500.

Pickett S.T.A., Cadenasso M.L., Grove J.M., Nilon C.H., Pouyat R.V., Zipperer W.C., Costanza R. 2001. Urbanecological systems: linkingterrestrial ecological, physical, andsocio-economiccom­ ponents of metropolitan areas // Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Vol. 32. P. 127-157.

PietarilaH., VaijorantaR., Kangas L., PenttilaR., SiitonenP.,O’HaraB. 2003. BioaerosolienLeviamismallin Kehittaminen. BIOAREl-hankkeen loppuraportti. Helsinki: Ilmatieteen laitos.

Pimm S.L. 1982. Food Webs. London: Chapman and Hall.

Pimm S.L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. Chicago: Univ. ofChicago Press.

Pimm S.L. 2001. The WorldAccording to Pimm. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.

PimmS.L., Askins R.A. 1995. Forest lossespredictbird extinctions in easternNorthAmerica// Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol. 92. P. 9343-9347.

Pimm S.L., Moulton M.P., Justice L.J. 1994. Bird extinctions in the central Pacific // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. ВBiol. Sci. Vol. 344. P. 27-33.

Pollock D.A. 1991. Natural history, classification, reconstructed phylogeny, and geographic history ofPytho Latreille (Coleoptera: Heteromera: Pythidae) // Memoirs ofthe Entomological Society ofCanada. Vol. 154. P. 1-104.

Pope S.E., FahrigL., MerriamH.G. 2000. Landscape complemetationandmetapopulation effects on leopard frog populations // Ecology. Vol. 81. P. 2498-2508.

Potts R. 1998a. Environmental hypotheses ofhominid evolution// Yearbook ofPhysical Anthropol­ ogy. Vol. 41. P. 93-136.

Potts R. 1998b. Variability selection in hominid evolution // Evol. Anthropol. Vol. 7. P. 81-96. Potts R., Behrensmeyer A.K. 1992. Late Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems // A.K. Behrensmeyer,

J.D. Damuth, W.A. DiMichele, R. Potts, H.-D. Sues, S.-L. Wing (eds.). Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time : Evolutionary Paleoecology ofTerrestrial Plants andAnimals. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press. P. 419-541.

Pressey R.L. 1994. Ad hoc reservations: Forward of backward steps in developing representative reserve systems? // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 8. P. 662-668.

Pressey R.L. 1999. Systematic conservation planning for the real world // Parks. Vol. 9. P. 1-6. Pulliam H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation // Am. Nat. Vol. 132. P. 652-661. Pulliam H.R. 1996. Sources and sinks: empirical evidence and population consequences // O.E.

Rhodes Jr., R.K. Chester, M.H. Smith (eds.). Population Dynamics in Ecological Space and Time. Chicago: Univ. ofChicago Press. P. 45-70.

PulliamH.R., DanielsonB.J. 1991. Sources, sinks, andhabitat selection: a landscape perspective on population dynamics // Am. Nat. Vol. 137. P. 50-66.

Pykala J. 2002. Vaateliaatjakalat haviavat avainbiotoopeilta // Ymparisto. Vol. 6. P. 25-26. Paivinen J., Ahlroth P., Kaitala V. 2002. Ant-associated beetles of Fennoscandia and Denmark //

Entomol. Fenn. Vol. 13. P. 20-40.

Poysa H. 2001. Dynamics ofhabitat distribution inbreeding mallards: assessing the applicability of current habitat selection models // Oikos. Vol. 94. P. 365-373.

Rassi P., Alanen A., Kanerva Т., Mannerkoski I. (eds.). 2001. Suomen Lajien Uhanalaisuus 2000. Helsinki: Edita.

Raup D.M. 1986. Biological extinction in earth history // Science. Vol. 231. P. 1528-1533. Raxworthy C.J., Martinez-Meyer E., Homing N., Nussbaum R.A., Schneider G.E., Ortega-Huerta

M.A., Peterson A.T. 2003. Predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in Madagascar//Nature. Vol. 426. P. 837-841.

Ray C. 2001. Maintaining genetic diversity despite local extinctions: effects ofpopulation scale // Biol. Conserv. Vol. 100. P. 3-14.

Reid W.V. 1992. How many species will there be? // T.C. Whitmore, J.A. Sayer (eds.). Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction. London: Chapman & Hall. P. 55-73.

3 3 2 Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

ReidW.V., MillerK.R. 1989. Keeping OptionsAlive: the scientifisbasis forconservingbiodiversity. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

Reinhardt J. 1870. Bidrag til kundskab om fuglefaunaen in Brasiliens campos // Vidensk. medd., Dansk Nat.-hist. Foren. Bd. 22. S. 1-124, 315-457.

Reznick D.N., Ghalambor C.K. 2001. The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: what empirical studiesreveal abouttheconditionsthatpromoteadaptiveevolution//Genetica. Vol. 112113. P. 183-198

Richards C.M. 2000. Inbreeding depression andgenetic rescue in aplant metapopulation// Am. Nat. Vol. 155. P. 383-394.

Ricketts Т.Н. 2001. The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes // Am. Nat. Vol. 158. P. 87-99.

Ricklefs R.E., Lovette I.J. 1999. The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the speciesarearelationships offour LesserAntillean faunal groups // J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 68. P. 1142-1160.

Ries L., Debinski D.M. 2001. Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa // J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 70. P. 840-852.

Rodrigues A.S.L., Andelman S.J., Bakarr M.L, Boitani L., Brooks T.M., Cowling R.M., Fishpool L.D.C., Da Fonseca G.A.B., Gaston K.J., Hoffmann М., Long J.S., Marquet P.A., Pilgrim J.D., Pressey R.L., Schipper J., Sechrest W., Stuart S.N., Underhill L.G., Waller R.W., Watts M.E.J., YanX. 2004. Effectiveness ofthe global protectedareanetwork inrepresenting species diversity // Nature. Vol. 428. P. 640-643.

Roemer G.W., Donlan C.J., Courchamp F. 2002. Golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: Howexotic species turnnative predators into prey// Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. Vol. 99. P. 791— 796.

RoffD.A. 1975. Population stability and the evolution of dispersal in a heterogeneous environment //Oecologia. Vol. 19. P. 217-237.

RoffD.A. 1994. Habitat persistence and the evolution of wing dimorphism in insects // Am. Nat. Vol. 144. P. 772-798.

RoffD.A., Fairbaim D.J. 1991. Wing dimorphisms and the evolution of migratory polymorphisms among the Insecta// Am. Zool. Vol. 31. P. 243-251.

RolstadJ., WeggeP. 1989. Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus, populations andmodemforestry—acase study for landscape ecological studies // Finnish Game Research. Vol. 46. P. 43-52.

Ronce O., Olivieri I. 2004. Life history evolution in metapopulations //1. Hanski, O.E. Gaggiotti (eds.). Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution of Metapopulations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. P. 227-257.

Ronce O., Olivieri I., Clobert J., Danchin E. 2001. Perspectives on the study of dispersal evolution // J. Clobert, E. Danchin, A.A. Dhondt, J.D. Nichols (eds.). Dispersal. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. P. 341-357.

Root R.B. 1967. Theniche exploitationpattern ofthe blue-gray gnatcatcher// Ecol. Monogr. Vol. 37. P. 317-350.

Root T.L., Price J.T., Hall K.R., Schneider S.H., Rosenzweig C., Pounds J.A. 2003. Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals andplants // Nature. Vol. 421. P. 57-60.

Rose М., Hermanutz L. 2004. Are boreal ecosystems susceptible to alien plant invasion? Evidence fromprotected areas // Oecologia. Vol. 139. P. 467- A ll.

Rosenzweig M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Roughgarden J. 1995. Anolis Lizards ofthe Caribbean. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Ruddiman W.F., Kutzbach J.E. 1989. Forcing of Late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west // Journal of Geophysical Research. Vol. 94. No. D15. P. 409^118, 427.

Ruiz G.M., Carlton J.T., Grosholz E.D., Hines A.H. 1997. Global invasions ofmarine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: mechanisms, extent andconsequences // Am. Zool. Vol. 37. P. 621-632.

Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

3 3 3

Riilcker С., AlgelstamP., RosenbergR 1994. Natural forest fire dynamics canguie conservation and silviculture in boreal forest // SkogForsk Results 2.

Saalas U. 1932. Muistiinpanoja hydnteiskeraysretkilta Ylaneen Kolvassa ym. toistasataa vuota sitten // Luonnon Ystava. Vol. 36. R 190-193.

SaaristoL. 1998. Korpikolvan elinymparistovaatimuksetja populaatiorakenne. MSc thesis, Univ. of Helsinki, Helsinki.

Saastamoinen0 .2004. Forests andpoverty reduction// A. Erkkila, O. Savonlahti (eds.). Proceedings of the 12st UNEP/University of Joensuu Symposium on Challenges to Sustainable Develop­ ment. Univ. of Joensuu, Finland.

Saccheri I.J., Brakefield P.M. 2002. Rapid spread of immigrant genomes into inbred populations // Proc. R. Soc. Lond. ВBiol. Sci. Vol. 269. P. 1073-1078.

Saccheri I.J., Kuussaari М., Kankare М., Vikman P., Fortelius W., Hanski I. 1998. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation // Nature. Vol. 392. P. 491—494.

Saether B.-E., Engen S. 2002. Including uncertainties in population viability analysis using popula­ tionprediction intervals // S.R. Beissinger, D.R. McCuloough (eds.). PopulationViability Anal­ ysis. Chicago:Univ. of Chicago Press. P. 191-212.

Saether B.-E., S. Engen, A. Islam, R. McCleery, C. Perrins. 1998a. Environmental stochasticity and extinction risk in apopulation ofa small songbird, the great tit // Am. Nat. Vol. 151. P. 441—450.

Saether B.-E., Engen S., Swenson J.E., Bakke 0., Sandegren F. 1998b. Assessing the viability of Scandinavian brown bear, Ursus arctos, populations: the effects of uncertain parameter esti­ mates // Oikos. Vol. 83. P. 403-416.

SaurolaP. 1995. Suomen Pollot. Helsinki: Kirjayhtyma.

SaxD.F., Gaines S.D. 2003. Speciesdiversity: fromglobal decreasesto local increases // TrendsEcol. Evol. Vol. 18. P. 561-566.

SchlaepferM.A., RungeM.C., ShermanP.W. 2002. Ecological andevolutionarytraps // Trends Ecol. Evol. Vol. 17. P. 474-480.

Schoener T.W. 1991. Extinction and the nature of the metapopulation: a case study // Acta Oecol. Vol. 12. P. 53-75.

Schoener T.W., Spiller D.A. 1987. Effect oflizards on spider populations: manipulative reconstruc­ tion ofa natural experiment // Science. Vol. 236. P. 949-952.

Schroeder M. 1991. Fractals, Chaos and Power Laws. N.Y.: W.H. Freedman and Co.

Scott D.A., Poole C.M. 1989. A Status Overview of Asian Wetlands. No. 53. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: AWB.

SelonenV., Hanski I.K., StevensP.C. 2001. Spaceuse ofthe Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans in fragmented forest landscapes // Ecography. Vol. 24. P. 588-600.

Serrano D., TeliaJ.L., DonazarJ.A., Pomarol M. 2003. Social and individual features affecting natal dispersal in the colonial lesser kestrel // Ecology. Vol. 84. P. 3044—3054.

Sheppe W. 1965. Island populations and gene flow in the deer mouse, Peromyscus leucopus II Evolution. Vol. 19. P. 480-495.

SiitonenJ. 2001. Forest management, coarsewoodydebris andsaproxylic organisms: Fennoscandian boreal forests as anexample//Ecological Bulletins. Vol. 49. P. 11-41.

Siitonen J., Martikainen P. 1994. Coleoptera andAradus (Hemiptera) collected from aspen in Finn­ ish andRussianKarelia: Notes onrare andthreatened species// ScandinavianJournal ofForestry Research. Vol. 9. P. 185-191.

Siitonen J., Saaristo L. 2000. Habitat requirements and conservation of Pytho kolwensis, a beetle species of old-growth boreal forest // Biol. Conserv. Vol. 94. P. 211-220.

SiitonenJ., Hanski 1.2004. Metsalajistonekologiaja monimuotoisuus// T. Kuuluvainen, L. Saaristo, P. Keto-Tokoi, J. Kostamo, J. Kuuluvainen, M. Kuusinen, M. Ollikainen, P. Salpakivi-Salomaa (eds.). Metsan Katkoissa, Suomen Metsaluonnon Monimuotoisuus. Helsinki: Edita. P. 76-105.

SiitonenJ., MartikainenP.,KailaL., NikulaA., PunttilaP. 1995. Kovakuoriaislajistonmonimuotois­ uus eri tavoinkasitellyillametsaaluiella Suomessaja Karjalantasavallassa// Metsantutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja. No. 564. P. 43-63.

3 3 4 Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Siitonen J., Penttila R., Kotiranta H. 2001. Coarse woody debris, polyporous fungi and saproxylic insects in an old-growth spruce forest in VodlozeroNational Park, Russian Karelia// Ecological Bulletins. Vol. 49. P. 231-242.

SilvolaJ., AimJ., AhlholmU., Nykanen H. 1996. C02fluxes frompeat inboreal miresundervarhing temperature and moisture conditions // J. Ecol. Vol. 84. P. 219-228.

SimberloffD. 1988. The contribution ofpopulation and communitybiology to conservation science // Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Vol. 19. P. 473-512.

SimberloffD.S., Abele L.G. 1976. Islandbiogeography theory and conservationpractice // Science. Vol. 191. P. 285-286.

Sinclair A.R.E. 1989. Population regulation in animals // J.M. Cherrett (ed.). Ecological Concepts. Oxford: Blackwell. P. 197-242.

Sinclair A.R.E., Hik D.S., Schmitz O.J., Scudder G.G.E., Turpin D.H., barter N.C. 1995. Biodiver­ sity and the need for habitat renewal // Ecol. Appl. Vol. 5. P. 579-587.

Singer F.J., Zeigenfuss L.C., Spicer L. 2001. Role of patch size, disease, and movement in rapid extinction ofbighorn sheep // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 15. P. 1347-1354.

Singer M.C. 2004. Measurement, corrrelates, and importance ofovipositionpreference in the life of Checkerspots // P.R. Ehrlich, I. Hanski (eds.). On the Wings of Checkerspots: A Model System for Population Biology. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press. P. 112-137.

Singer M.C., Lee J.R. 2000. Discrimination within andbetween host species by abutterfly: Implica­ tions for design ofpreference experiments // Ecol. Lett. Vol. 3. P. 101-105.

Singer M.C., Hanski I. 2004. Dispersal behavior and evolutionary metapopulation dynamics // P.R. Ehrlich, I. Hanski (eds.). On the Wings of Checkerspots: A model System for Population Biol­ ogy. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press. P. 181-198.

Sjogren P. 1991. Extinction and isolation gradients in metapopulations: The case of the pool frog (Rana lessonae) II Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Vol. 42. P. 135-147.

Sjogren-Gulve P., Hanski I. 2000. Metapopulation viability analysis using occupancy models // Ecological Bulletins. Vol. 48. P. 53-71.

SkellamJ.G. 1951. Random dispersal intheoretical populations//Biometrika. Vol. 38. P. 196-218. Skole D., Tucker C.J. 1993. Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: sastel-

lite data from 1978 to 1988 // Science. Vol. 260. P. 1905-1910.

Soule M.E., Bolger D.T., Alberts A.C., Sauvajot R.M., Wright J., SoriceМ., Hill S.1988. Recon­ structed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparral-requiring birds inurbanhabitat islands // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 2. P. 75-92.

Southwood T.R.E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? // J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 46. P. 337-365.

Stockwell C.A., Weeks S.C. 1999. Translocations and rapid evolutionary responses in recently established populations of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) II Animal Conservation. Vol. 2. P. 103-110.

Stockwell C.A., Hendry A.P., Kinnison M.T. 2003. Contemporary evolution meets conservation biology // Trends Ecol. Evol. Vol. 18. P. 94-101.

Strong D.R., Simberloff D., Abele L.G., Thistle A.B. 1984. Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

Stahls G. 1987. Dipter levande i swamp i Kilpisjarvi-trakten. Master Thesis, Univ. of Helsinki, Helsinki.

Suorsa P., Huhta E., Nikula A., Nikinmaa М., Jantti A., Helle H., Hakkarainen H. 2003. Forest management is associated with physiological stress in an old-growth forest passerine // Proc. R. Soc. Lond. ВBiol. Sci. Vol. 270. P. 963-969.

Sutcliffe O.L., Thomas C.D. 1996. Open corridors appear to facilitate dispersal by ringlet butterflies (Aphantopus hyperantus) between woodlandclearings // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 10. P. 1359-1365.

Sutela Т., Mutenia A. 2001. Kiijallisuuskatsaus Pohjoisten Tekojarvien Kalataloudesta // Kalaja riistaraportteja, nro 214. Helsinki: RKTL.

Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

3 3 5

ter Braak C.J.F., Etienne R.S. 2003. Improved Bayesian analysis of metapopulation data witn an application to a tree frog metapopulation // Ecology. Vol. 84. P. 231-241.

ter Braak J.F., Hanski I., VerboomJ. 1998. The incidence function approach to modeling of metap­ opulation dynamics // J. Bascompte, R.V. Sole (eds.). Modeling Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. P. 167-188.

Thienemann A. 1949. Veranderungen in der Tierwelt unserer Quellen von 1918 bis 1948 // Die Heimat. Bd. 56. S. 2-5.

Thomas C.D. 1994a. Difficulties in deducing dynamics fromstatic distributions // Trends Ecol. Evol. Vol. 9. P. 300.

Thomas C.D. 1994b. Extinction, colonization, andmetapopulations: Environmental trackingby rare species // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 8. P. 373-378.

Thomas C.D. 1994c. Local extinctions, colonizations and distributions: habitat tracking by British butterflies // S.R. Leather, A.D. Watt, N.J. Mills, K.F.A. Walters (eds.). Individuals, Populations and Patterns in Ecology. Andover: Intercept Ltd. P. 319-336.

Thomas C.D. 1996. Essential ingredients of real metapopulations, exemplified by the butterfly Plebejus argus И M.E. Hochberg, J. Clobert, R. Barbault (eds.). Aspects of the Genesis and Maintenance of Biological Diversity. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. P. 292-307.

Thomas C.D., Hanski I. 2004. Metapopulation dynamics in changing environments: butterfly re­ sponses to habitat and climate change //1. Hanski, O.E. Gaggiotti (eds.). Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution of Metapopulations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. P. 489-514.

Thomas C.D., Singer M.C., Boughton D.A. 1996. Catastrophic extinction of population sources in a butterfly metapopulation // Am. Nat. Vol. 148. P. 957-975.

Thomas C.D., Bodsworth E.J., WilsonR.J., Simmons A.D., Davies Z.G., Musche М., Conradt L. 2001. Ecological andevolutionaryprocessesatexpandingrangemargins//Nature. Vol. 411. P. 577-581.

Thomas C.D., WilsonR.J., Lewis O.T. 2002. Short-termstudies underestimate 30-generationchang­ es in a butterfly metapopulation // Proc. R. Soc. Lond. В Biol. Sci. Vol. 269. P. 563-569.

Thomas C.D., Cameron A., Green R.E., Bakkenes М., Beaumont L.J., Collingham Y.C., Erasmus B.F.N., De Siqueira M.F., Grainger A., Hannah L., Hughes L., Huntley B., Van Jaarsveld A.S., Midgley G.F., Miles L., Ortega-Huerta M.A., PetersonA.T., Phillips O.L., Williams S.E. 2004a. Extinctionrisk fromclimate change// Nature. Vol. 427. P. 145-148.

Thomas J.A. 1980. Why did the large blue become extinct in Britain // Oryx. Vol. 15. P. 243-247. Thomas J.A. 1984. The conservation of butterflies in temperate countries: past efforts and lessons

for the future // R.I. Vane-Wright, P.R. Ackery (eds.). The Biology of Butterflies. Princeton, USA: Princeton Univ. Press. P. 333-353.

Thomas J.A. 1995. The ecology and conservation ofMaculinea arion and other European species of large blue butterfly // A.S. Pullin (ed.). Ecology and conservation ofbutterflies. London: Chap­ man & Hall. P. 180-197.

Thomas J.A., Telfer M.G., Roy D.B., Preston C.D., Greenwood J.J.D., Asher J., Fox R., Clarke R.T., Lawton J.H. 2004b. Comparative losses of Britihs butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis// Science. Vol. 303. P. 1879-1881.

Tilman D., May R.M., Lehman C.L., Nowak M.A. 1994. Habitat destruction andthe extinction debt //Nature. Vol. 371. P. 65-66.

TischendorfL., Fahrig L. 2000. On the usage oflandscape connectivity // Oikos. Vol. 90. P. 7-19. Tomimatsu H., Ohara M. 2002. Effects offorest fragmentation on seedproduction ofthe understory

herb Trillium camschatcense II Conserv. Biol. Vol. 16. P. 1277-1285.

Tomimatsu H., Ohara M. 2003. Genetic diversity and local population structure of fragmented populations ofTrilliumcamschatcense (Trilliaceae) // Biol. Conserv. Vol. 109. P. 249-258.

TomimatsuH., OharaM. 2004. Edge effects onrecruitment ofTrillium camschatcense in small forest fragments // Biol. Conserv.

Traverse A. 1988. Plant evolution dances to a different beat: plant and animal evolutionary mecha­ nisms compared// Historical Biology. Vol. 1. P. 277-301.

3 3 6 Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

TuckerC.-J., TownshendJ.R.G. 2000. Strategies formonitoringtropical deforestationusing satellite data // Int. J. Remote Sens. Vol. 21. R 1461-1471.

Tuljapurkar S.D. 1982. Population dynamics in variable environments. III. Evolutionary dynamics ofr-selection // Theor. Popul. Biol. Vol. 21. P. 141-165.

TurcekF.J. 1969. Largemammal secondaryproduction inEuropeanbroad leavedandmixedforests: some results and methods ofrecent research // Biologia (Bratislava). Vol. 24. P. 173-181.

Turchin P. 1995. Population regulation: old arguments and a new synthesis // N. Cappuccino, P. Price (eds.). PopulationDynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis. London: Academic Press. P. 19-40.

Turchin P. 1998. Quantitative Analysis ofMovement: Measuring and Modelling Population Redis­ tribution in Animals and Plants. Sunderland, MA: Sinaeur Associates.

Turchin P. 2003. Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

Turner M.G., Gardner R.H., O’Neill R.V. 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. N.Y.: Springer.

USFWS. 1980. Habitat Evaluation Procedures. Washington, DC: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior.

vanNouhuys S., Hanski 1.2002. Colonizationrates and distances ofahostbutterflyandtwo specific parasitoids in a fragmented landscape // J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 71. P. 639-650.

vanNouhuys S., Hanski I. 2004. Natural enemies ofcheckerspot butterflies // P.R. Ehrlich, I. Hanski (eds.). On the Wings of Checkerspots. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press. P. 161-180.

van ValenL. 1971. Group selection and the evolution ofdispersal // Evolution. Vol. 25. P. 591-598. Varkonyi G., Kuussaari М., Lappalainen H. 2003. Use of forest corridors by boreal Xestia moths //

Oecologia. Vol. 137. P. 466-474.

Veltman C.J., Nee S., Crawley M.J. 1996. Correlates of introduction success in exotic NewZealand birds // Am. Nat. Vol. 147. P. 542-557.

Venable D.L., LevinD.A. 1983. Morphological dispersal structures inrelationto growth habit inthe Compositae // Plant Syst. Evol. Vol. 143. P. 1-16.

Verboom J. 1996. Modelling fragmented populations: between theory and application in landscape planning. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Villard M.-A., Trzcinski M.K., Merriam G. 1999. Fragmentation effects on forest birds: relative influence ofwoodlandcoverandconfigurationonlandscapeoccupancy// Conserv. Biol. Vol. 13. P. 774-783.

VirkkalaR., ToivonenH. 1999. MaintainingBiological DiversityinFinnishForests. Suomenymparisto 278, Suomen ymparistokeskus, Helsinki.

VirkkalaR., KorhonenK.T., HaapanenR., AapalaK. 2000. Metsienja Soiden Suojelutilanne Metsaja Suokasvillisuusvyohykkeittain Valtakunnan Metsien 8. Inventoinnin Perusteella. Suomen Ymparisto 395, Suomen Ymparistokeskus, Metsantutkimuslaitos.

Vos C.C., ter Braak C.J.F., Nieuwenhuizen W. 2000. Incidence function modelling and conservation ofthe tree frog Hyla arborea in the Netherlands // Ecological Bulletins. Vol. 48. P. 165-180.

Vrba E.S. 1995. The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution andpaleoclimate//E.S. Vrba, G.H. Denton, T.C. Partridge, L.H. Burckle (eds.). Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale: YaleUniv. Press. P. 385-424.

Vuorisalo Т., LaihonenP. 2000. Biodiversity conservation inthe north: historyofhabitat and species protection in Finland // Ann. Zool. Fenn. Vol. 37. P. 281-297.

Vuorisalo Т., Lahtinen R., Laaksonen H. 2001. Urbanbiodiversity in local newspapaers: a historical perspective // Biodivers. Conserv. Vol. 10. P. 1739-1756.

Vuorisalo Т., Andersson H., Hugg Т., LahtinenR., Laaksonen H., Lehikoinen E. 2003. Urban devel­ opment froman avian perspective: causes ofhooded crow (C oitus corone comix) urbanisation in two Finnish cities // Landscape Urban Plann. Vol. 62. P. 69-87.

Wahlberg N., Moilanen A., Hanski I. 1996. Predicting the occurrence of endangered species in fragmented landscapes//Science. Vol. 273. P. 1536-1538.

Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

3 3 7

WahlbergN., Klemetti Т., Hanski I. 2002. Dynamic populations in a dynamic landscape: the metap­ opulation structure of the marsh fritillary butterfly // Ecography. Vol. 25. P. 224-232.

Wahlstrom E., Reinikainen Т., Hallanaro E.-L. 1992. Ympariston Tila Suomessa. Forssa: Gaudeamus.

WarrenM.S. 1987. The ecology and conservation oftheheath fritillarybutterfly, Mellicta athalia. I. Host selection and phenology // J. Appl. Ecol. Vol. 24. P. 467^182.

Warren M.S., Hill J.K., Thomas J.A., Asher J., Fox R., Huntley B., RoyD.B., Telfer M.G., Jeffcoate S., Harding P., Jeffcoate G., Willis S.G., Greatorex-Davies J.N., Moss D., Thomas C.D. 2001. Rapidresponses ofBritish butterflies to opposing forces ofclimate andhabitat change// Nature. Vol. 414. P. 65-69.

Watkinson A.R., Sutherland W.J. 1995. Sources, sinks and pseudo-sinks // J. Anim. Ecol. Vol. 64. P. 126-130.

Weiss S.B. 1999. Cars, cows, and checkerspot butterflies: Nitrogen deposition and management of nutrient poor grasslands for a threatened species // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 13. P. 1476-1486.

Whitlock M.C. 2004. Selection and drift in metapopulations //1. Hanski, O. Gaggiotti (eds.). Ecolo­ gy, Genetics, and Evolution ofMetapopulations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. P. 153— 173.

Whittaker R.H., Levin S.A., Root R.B. 1973. Niche, habitat, and ecotope // Am. Nat. Vol. 107. P. 321-338.

Wiens J.A., Rotenberry J. 1981. Habitat associations and community structure of birds in shrubsteppe environments // Ecol. Monogr. Vol. 51. P. 21—41.

Wikars L.-O. 1997. Effects offorest fire andthe ecology offire-adaptedinsects. PhDthesis, Uppsala Univ., Sweden.

Wilcove D.S., Rothstein D., DubowJ., Phillips A., Losos E. 1998. Quantifying threats to imperilled species in the United States // Bioscience. Vol. 48. P. 607-615.

Williams C.B. 1964. Patterns in the Balance ofNature. London andN.Y.: Academic Press. Williams D.D., Williams N.E. 1998. Invertebrate communities from freshwater springs: What can

they contribute to pure and applied ecology? // L. Botosaneanu (ed.). Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. P. 251-261.

Williams M.R. 1995. An extreme-value function model of the species incidence and species-area relations//Ecology. Vol. 76. P. 2607-2616.

Williams S.E., Bolitho E.E., Fox S. 2003. Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an im­ pending environmental catastrophe // Proc. R. Soc. Lond. В Biol. Sci. Vol. 270. P. 1887-1892.

WilsonE.O. 1989. Threats to biodiversity // Scientific American. Vol. 261. P. 60-66.

Wilson E.O., Willis E.O. 1975. Applied biogeography // M.L. Cody, J.M. Diamond (eds.). Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Massachusetss, USA: Belknap Press. P. 522-534.

Winchester N.N., Ring R.A. 1996. Centinelan extinctions: extirpation of northern temperate oldgrowth rainforest arthropod communities // Selbyana. Vol. 17. P. 50-57.

Wing S.L., SuesH.-D. 1992. Mesozoic and early Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems // A.K. Behrensm­ eyer, J.D. Damuth, W.A. DiMichele, R. Potts, H.-D. Sues, S.-L. Wing (eds.). Terrestrial Ecosys­ tems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press. P. 326-416.

WithK.A., King A.W. 1999. Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes // Conserv. Biol. Vol. 13. P. 314-326.

WithK.A., KingA.W. 2001. Analysis oflandscape sources and sinks: the effect ofspatial pattern on avian demography // Biol. Conserv. Vol. 100. P. 75-88.

Wolfe J.A. 1985. Distributionof major vegetational types during the Tertiary // Geophysical Mono­ graphs. Vol. 32. P. 357-375.

WolffJ.O. 1995. Friends and strangers in vole population cycles // Oikos. Vol. 73. P. 411^114. Wolpoff M.H. 1980. Paleoantropology. N.Y.: Knopf.

World Bank. 2000. World Development Indicators 2000. Washington DC.

3 3 8

Список ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

WRI. 2000. World Resources 2000-2001: People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web ofLife. Wash­ ington, DC: WorldResources Institute (WRI) incollaborationwithUnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and World Bank.

Yijonen K. (ed.). 2004. Metsalain Erityisen Tarkeat Elinymparistot. Vammala: MMM:njulkaisuja 9/2004.

Zanette L., Doyle P., Tremont S.M. 2000. Food shortage in small fragments: evidence froman areasensitive passerine // Ecology. Vol. 81. P. 1654-1666.

Zhang Z., Usher M.B. 1991. Disperal of wood mice and bank voles in an agricultural landscape // Acta Theriol. Vol. 36. P. 239-245.

Содержание

 

Илкка Хански и его книга «Ускользающий мир», Б. Шефтель...................

5

Предисловие автора для российских читателей.............................................

9

ГЛАВА 1. МЕСТООБИТАНИЕ.......................................................................

12

Вступление.......................................................................................................

12

1.1. Местообитания и ниш и..........................................................................

16

1.2. Классификация местообитаний............................................................

27

1.3. Фрагментированные ландшафты.........................................................

42

1.4. Связность и непрерывность.................................................................

49

1.5. Характерные микроместообитания.....................................................

60

1.6. Основные местообитания прошлого....................................................

68

1.7. Основные местообитания Земли в наши дни....................................

77

1.8. Резюме: пять пунктов, которые стоит запомнить.............................

80

ГЛАВА 2. УТРАТА МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ.....................................................

83

Вступление......................................................................................................

83

2.1. От потребностей видов к глобальным изменениям..........................

87

2.2. Четыре варианта утраты местообитания..........................................

89

2.3. Утрата лесов и лесных местообитаний............................................

104

2.4. Потеря заболоченных местообитаний..............................................

112

2.5. Утрата микроместообитаний..............................................................

115

2.6 Резюме: пять пунктов, которые стоит запомнить..........................

118

ГЛАВА 3. ОТВЕТНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ НА УТРАТУ МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ

НА УРОВНЕ ОСОБИ, ПОПУЛЯЦИИ И ВИДА......................................

120

Вступление.....................................................................................................

120

3.1. Выбор местообитания и пути осуществления этого выбора

126

3.2. Реакция особей и популяций на деградацию местообитания

136

3.3. Источники и стоки.................................................................................

141

3.4. Фрагментация......................................................................................

147

3.5. Природные коридоры.........................................................................

155

3.6. Генетические последствия утраты местообитания

 

и его фрагментации....................................................................................

158

3.7. Как утраты местообитаний отражаются

 

на эволюционном процессе?.....................................................................

160