II. Письменно переведите текст: what is economics all about?

One of the main laws of the market is the law of supply and demand. It says that if demand exceeds supply, the price tends to rise and when supply exceeds demand the price tends to fall.

Given the scarcity of resources, the market functions as a rationing device with the price mechanism as its principal instrument. In free markets, prices direct allocations of inputs of firms that make the most profitable use of them. The price mechanism also guides the decisions of producers concerning the composition of their output. Finally, the price mechanism also governs the distribution process.

Thus, the market mechanism brings about an allocation of resources that reflects two basic factors: consumer preferences and production costs. The prices which play the coordinating role of the market mechanism are determined through the interaction of demand and supply.

Another important force of the market is competition. On the one hand, it protects the customers – they have the right of choice and they benefit from the fact that competition keeps prices close to cost; on the other hand, it makes producers and suppliers of scarce resources utilize them economically, using most sophisticated technologies.

All businesses produce goods and services and seek profits. They all compete with other businesses for inputs of labor, capital and natural resources, including foreign partners.

Freedom of enterprise is not total in the market economy. Businesses are subject to laws and government regulations.

Economic machines do not always run smoothly. They are subject to a business cycle that alternates between periods of rapid expansion and periods of recession in which outputs fall and unemployment rises.

Economic environment is determined by the economic policies of the government, fiscal and monetary policies being the major factors. So, if an economic system is to perform well it must deal with many economic challenges.

Задания к тексту:

1. Выпишите предложение с пассивным (страдательным) залогом.

2. Выпишите предложение с модальным глаголом.

3. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

а) Экономисты делают прогнозы и выносят свои предложения.

б) Одним из основных условий рыночных отношений является конкуренция.

в) Многие специалисты придерживаются мнения, что свобода предприятий не должна быть абсолютной.

Контрольная работа № 4

1 Вариант

Проработайте следующие разделы курса по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Конструкция to have + Indefinite Infinitive в модальном значении «нужно, необходимо». [1, c. 110-116]

2. Употребление страдательного залога в Present и Past Perfect Tenses.

3. Отрицательная форма глагола-сказуемого в предложении.

4. Вспомогательные глаголы be, do, have, shall, will в английском языке.

5. Употребление наречий в английском языке.

I. Выполните следующие грамматические задания:

1. Замените модальный глагол must на глагол to have в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive, переведите предложения:

1. I’m sorry I must go. I promised to be at home at 9.

2. You must stay in bed. You have a high temperature.

3. You must take these books from the library.

4. I must do this work in time.

5. You must do as you are told.

2. Поставьте предложения в форму Present или Past Perfect, употребите страдательный залог. Переведите предложения:

Образец: We have reserved accommodation for Mr. Ivanov. - Accommodation for Mr. Ivanov has been reserved.

1. I have not paid the bill yet.

2. Have they booked tickets to the theater?

3. The porter has not attended to the luggage yet.

4. Has their chemical equipment impressed you favorably?

5. We had seen the machine in operation before we discussed the price.

3. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму, переведите предложения:

1. The contract will be ready the day after tomorrow.

2. I shall phone you in half an hour.

3. All the passengers enjoyed their flight.

4. Last night she was at the theatre.

5. Our plane landed at Sheremetievo airport at 11 p.m.

4. Вместо пропусков поставьте вспомогательные глаголы be, do, have, shall, will в правильной форме, переведите предложения:

1. …. you ever seen Rembrandt’s pictures?

2. This book … written by Jack London.

3. Tomorrow we … go to the exhibition.

4. “Who … there?” – “It … my uncle.” – “What … he doing?” – “He … sleeping; he … very tired.”

5. Where … your brother live now?

5. Найдите в предложениях наречия, подчеркните их и переведите предложения:

1. He broke his bicycle yesterday.

2. The plane flew high in the sky.

3. The water rushed forth.

4. That class was especially interested in history.

5. An extravagantly high price was paid.

6. The man slowly, gravely and silently approached.