Сравнение герундия и причастия

Функция в предложении

Герундий

Причастие

Подлежащее

Testing the device was conducted in the laboratory. Испытание прибора было произведено в лаборатории.

Часть сказуемого:

а) именная часть;

б) смысловой глагол.

Our next task is testing the device.

Наша следующая задача – испытать прибор.

They are testing the device.

Они испытывают прибор.

Дополнение

They began testing the device in the morning.

Они начали испытывать прибор утром.

Определение

Testing principle (principle of testing) – принцип испытания

Testing equipment - испытывающее (испытательное) оборудование

Обстоятельство с предлогом

After testing the device they made some changes in its design.

После испытания прибора они сделали некоторые изменения и его конструкции.

Без предлога

Testing the device they noticed some defects.

Испытывая (во время испытания) прибор, они заметили некоторые дефекты.

Личные формы

Неличные формы

Инфинитив

Причастие

Герундий

Пример

I take, he took, they are taking, the book was taken и т.д.

To take, to be taken и т.д.

Taking, taken и т.д.

Taking, having taken и т.д.

Функция в предложении

Сказуемое

1) подлежащее;

2) часть сказуемого;

3) дополнение;

4) определение;

5) обстоятельство.

1) определение;

2) обстоятельство;

3) часть сказуемого.

1) подлежащее;

2) дополнение;

3) часть сказуемого;

4) определение;

5) обстоятельство.

Inf

Present

Past

Future

Active voice – действительный залог

Indefinite

To ask

To give

I (you, we, they) give lessons. Does he give lessons? Do you give lessons? I do not give.

Я даю уроки.

I gave a lesson yesterday. Я давал урок вчера. Did you give a lesson last week? I did not give a lesson two days ago.

I (we) shall give lessons. Я буду давать уроки. She (he, it, they) will give lessons (tomorrow). Will you give a lesson? I shall not give a lesson.

Continuous

To be asking

To be giving

I am giving a lesson.

Я даю урок (сейчас).

He (she, it) is giving.

You (they) are giving. Are you giving? I am not giving.

I (she, he, it) was giving a lesson when he came. We (you, they) were giving lessons from 12 to 2 o’clock. Was he giving a lesson at 2 o’clock. He was not giving.

I shall be giving a lesson when he comes in. You will be giving a lesson from 12 to 2 o’clock. Will you be giving a lesson at 2 o’clock (tomorrow)? I shall not be giving a lesson at 2 o’clock.

Perfect

To have asked

To have given

I have just given a lesson. Я только что дал урок. He (she, it) has given a lesson today. Have you given a lesson? I have not given lessons this week.

I had given a lesson before he came. Я дал урок до того, как он придет. Had you given a lesson by 2 o’clock? I had not given a lesson by 2 o’clock.

I shall have given a lesson before he comes. Я дам урок до того, как он придет. Will you have given a lesson by 2 o’clock? I shall not have given a lesson by 2 o’clock.

Perfect Continuous

To have been asking

To have been giving

I have been giving a lesson for 20 minutes.

Я даю урок уже в течение 20 минут.

He has been giving a lesson since 12 o’clock. Have you been giving? I have not been giving.

I had been giving a lesson for 20 minutes when he came. Я давал урок уже в течение 20 минут, когда вы пришли. Had you been giving a lesson? I had not been giving.

I shall have been giving a lesson for 20 minutes when he comes.

Я буду давать урок уже в течение 20 минут, когда он придет.

Will you have been giving? I shall have been giving.

Passive voice – страдательный залог

Indefinite

To be given

I am given lessons. Мне дают уроки. Is he given lessons? We are not given lessons.

I was given a lesson yesterday.

Мне дали урок вчера.

Were you given a lesson last week?

I was not given a lesson two days ago.

I shall be given a lesson.

Мне дадут урок. Will you be given a lesson? I shall not be given a lesson.

Continuous

To be being given

I am being given a lesson.

Мне дают урок (сейчас).

Is be being given a lesson? We are not being given a lesson.

I was being given a lesson when he came.

Мне давали урок, когда он пришел.

Were you being given a lesson from 12 to 2 o’clock. I was not being given a lesson at 2 o’clock.

–

Perfect

To have been given

I have been given a lesson.

Мне дали урок (только что, сегодня).

Has he been given a lesson today? He has not been given a lesson this week.

I had been given a lesson before he came.

Мне дали урок до того, как он пришел.

Had you been given a lesson by 2 o’clock?

I had not been given a lesson by 2 o’clock.

I shall have been given a lesson before he came.

Мне дадут урок до того, как он придет.

Will he have been given a lesson by 2 o’clock? He will not have been given a lesson by 2 o’clock.