Текст 5а

In the problem solving strategy, you spend a lot of time exploring ideas. Companies are always looking for new ideas, too. That’s because every product starts as an idea. Someone may suggest an idea or invent something to solve a particular problem. Many companies have special research and development (R and D) departments. The people who work in R and D look for new ideas, and then they develop them into products. Of course, not every idea works. Only one out of every five ideas actually works.

Research helps us gather information. There are two kinds of research – basic research and applied research. Basic research is gathering information that helps us understand things about the world around us. Sometimes the information cannot be used right away. For example, people learned how to make a laser in the 1960s, but they did not know what to do with it. Today we use lasers for many things, from supermarket pricing to surgery.

Applied research is the kind of research done to solve a particular problem. The information can be used right away. For example, people wanted to make computers smaller and more portable. To do that they needed to put more components (parts) in a smaller space.

The microchip (a tiny silicon chip containing thousands of electronic circuits) was invented to solve this problem.

Basic and applied researches use the same two methods to get information – retrieving and experimenting. Retrieving is gathering already – known information from sources such as books, people, and computers. The information is part of the knowledge base. Using this kind of information saves time because you do not have to start from scratch every time.

б) Дайте відповіді на запитання до тексту:

1. What do R and D departments deal with?

2. What do we mean by research?

3. What kinds of research do you know?

4. What is the difference between basic and applied research?

5. What methods are used to do research?

в) Дайте назву тексту.

Завдання 14 Зробіть письмовий переклад Tексту 5Б.

Текст 5б

The Scientific Method

The process of scientific problem solving is called the sci­entific method. The scientific method was developed by the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626). This method is used as a general rule and is not strictly followed in its purest form. The five steps of the scientific method are:

1. Recognize the problem.

2. Form a hypothesis (an educated guess) about the correct answer.

3. Make a prediction.

4. Experiment to test your prediction.

5. Make a general rule that will apply, or organize the hypothesis, prediction, and results of your experiment.

Scientists and technologists face the same traps in trying to solve problems. Everyone has a set of ideas about how the world works. These ideas often block new ideas or restrict our thinking to one path. Scientists must keep an open mind about their investigations; this is important because their results have to be based on scientific facts. Scientists can't let their results be changed by what they think the results should be. Another important reason for keeping an open mind is that many scientific discoveries happen by accident!

All scientists have a few very important things in common. They have investigating minds, they are willing to perform experiments carefully, and they don't let themselves be influenced by anything but proven facts. Their experiments have to be done so that if someone else performs the exact same experiment, he or she will get the same results.

Завдання 15 а) Прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче абзац.

An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of the words in a phrase. The acronym SEARCH uses the main problem solving steps and adds a few extras. It was developed by a group of students to help them remember the problem – solving steps.

б) Вставте одне з запропонованих слів (одне з них використо-вується декілька разів) у кожний пропуск:

real-life, to test, information, ideas, problem, idea

S tate the ……………in your own words.

E xplore all ………..and ……………….possible.

A pply the best ……. …….and ………it. If it doesn’t work.

R etry the ……….. or

C hange your …….and ………it.

H ook what you have learned to ……. - ……… problems.

Завдання 16 Підберіть слова та словосполучення, які називають можливі для вас джерела інформації:

a )

б)

Завдання 17 Складіть уточнений перелік кроків – операцій вирішення проблеми, використовуючи тексти та схеми із Завдань 8, 11, 14, 15.

Завдання 18 Перекладіть англійською мовою подані нижче речення:

1. Техніка завжди відігравала значну роль в нашому житті.

2. Уміння працювати в невеликих групах – це майстерність.

3. Вирішення будь – якої проблеми має бути ретельно спланованим процесом.

4. Велика кількість людей відмовляюється вирішувати проблеми, не знаючи, як це правильно зробити.

5. Існує науковий підхід до вирішення проблем.

6. Визначення проблеми називається твердженням.

7. Параметри – це специфічні вимоги до вирішення проблеми.

8. До параметрів ми відносимо: час, гроші та матеріал, який використовуємо.

9. Ми завжди повинні бути впевнені в інформації, яку використовуємо для вирішення проблеми.

10. Треба об’єктивно оцінити зібрану інформацію та результати перевірки запропонованих ідей раніше, ніж дійти висновку.

Завдання 19 Як ви розумієте висловлення антрополога Макса Глюкмана, що наука це "any discipline in which a fool of this generation can go beyond the point reached by the genius of the last generation?"

УРОК 6

Завдання 1 Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче слова, ґрунтуючись на їх подібності до слів рідної мови:

stereo, automobile, battery, machine, fact, rocket, operation, system, combination, process, instruction, fund, result, graphics, mechanical, conditioner, radiator, radio, pump, shock, antifreeze, fan, to absorb, hydraulic, thermal, chemical, complex, to fix.

Завдання 2 Уважно прочитайте подані нижче слова та їх переклад, запам’ятайте їх:

to expect	очікувати	ожидать
perfect	досконалий	совершенный
to break	руйнувати	разрушать
to frustrate	розстроювати	ломать, расстраивать
rather than	замість того, щоб	вместо того, чтобы
whole	увесь	весь
common	загальний, звичайний	обычный, общий
to find	знаходити	находить
careful	дбайливий, обережний	осторожный, тщательный
latch	засув	щеколда
even	навіть	даже
to order	замовляти	заказывать
to complete	закінчувати, завершувати	заканчивать, завершать
to check	перевіряти	проверять
to steer	керувати кермом	управлять рулем
meal	їда, прийняття їжі	еда, приём пищи
to gather	збирати	собирать
аlthough	хоча	хотя
fluid	рідина	жидкость
smooth	гладкий	гладкий
safe	безпечний	безопасный
chain	ланцюг	цепь
belt	ремінь	ремень
pulley	шків	шкив
gear	пристрій	приспособление
heat	теплота	теплота
breaks	гальма	тормоза
ignition	запалювання	зажигание
to fix	встановлювати	креплять, устанавливать

Завдання 3 Проаналізуйте подані нижче слова щодо їх форми, значення, належності до певної частини мови та перекладіть їх рідною мовою:

scientist, input, оutput, feedback, to press, to process, thermal, chemical, complex, fan, to absorb, hydraulic, a press, a process, a processor, to order, an order, to frustrate, frustrated, frustration, hydraulics, chemistry.

Завдання 4 Прочитайте подані нижче словосполучення. Подайте їх еквіваленти рідною мовою:

millions of people, to have no idea about something, what to do about it, a dead battery, technology – related devices, the fact is, a rocket scientist, complicated machines can be broken down into smaller systems, to work as a whole, this fits every system, a general model, a system model, computer system, final results, a fast food restaurant, to place an order, energy system, a complete product, in combination, a complex machine, door latch, fan belt, water pump, shock absorber, hydraulic breaks, air conditioner, a complicated system, to fix a problem.

Завдання 5 Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну часову форму активного чи пасивного стану:

1. The first Industrial Revolution (to take place) between the years 1760 and 1860.

2. New sources of power, new processes, new materials (to come) into use with such bewildering speed in the present century that it is hard to keep track of them all.

3. The first industrial revolution (to give) us machines to do the work that used to have been done by men’s hands.

4. The second industrial revolution (to produce) machines that can do the work of men’s brains.

5. The new forms of power (to use) in new engines: the electric motor, the petrol engine, the diesel engine and the steam turbine.

6. In fact nearly all the electricity which (not to produce) by water (to produce) by steam turbines, even when the steam (to make) by atomic energy.

7. The first revolution (to bring about) by the inventions of engineers. The second (to rely) heavily on the scientists.

Завдання 6 Перекладіть подані нижче речення, звертаючи увагу на використання неособових форм дієслова, пасивного стану та ступенів порівняння прикметників та прислівників:

1. People see some of the changes introduced by technology as being good and some as being bad.

2. Some people just don’t like any change at all. But one thing is for sure: change keeps happening.

3. Your job is to constantly evaluate how technology can be used with the most benefits to people and the environment.

4. Thousands of people work in the communications industry to bring you up – to date information or entertainment.

5. Most of us watch television every day. But do you ever stop to think about how the TV show is made or how it gets to your home?

6. Technology is a combination of knowledge, ideas, and resources put to work for us.

7. Most of the products of technology such as lasers, robots, and satellites were invented to meet the needs of people.

8. It is easier to solve problems that involve technology if you have a problem – solving strategy and if you work with others to find the best solution.

9. Creative thinking is important when you are developing new technologies and evaluating their uses.

10. Doctors use technology to save the lives of sick or injured people.

11. Research is also done by experimenting to find out how things work.

12. Most inventions are just other inventions used in a different way.

13. The microchip makes everyday items: digital watches, calculators, and computers, smaller and less expensive.

14. A research and development team worked together to make the first carbon – dioxide laser in 1966. Since that time, many new lasers have been found.

15. People working in research and development departments are always looking for new ideas.

16. Getting across wide rivers has always been a problem to solve.

17. The problem of producing products quickly in a hazardous (dangerous) workplace is often solved by using a robot.

18. Producing TV shows that inform, educate, and entertain people is a problem.

19. Using a problem – solving strategy is helping students to find a solution by exploring many different ideas.

20. We depend on technology to make our lives more comfortable.

21. Most people think that technology is related only to science and math. While this connection is easy to see, technology is just as much a part of social studies and other subjects.

22. Technology and science are closely tied together, but they are different.

23. Science usually gives you the theories (ideas about how nature works), while technology lets you use your knowledge and resources to solve different problems.

24. Everything in our world is made up of atoms and combinations of atoms called molecules.

25. Technology is sometimes divided into job-related groups called career clusters. Four common career clusters are: communication, construction, manufacturing, and transportation.

26. Technology lets you use many different ways to communicate with others.

27. Math is often used to solve problems related to technology.

28. Future technologies are being developed according to the products we want and think will benefit us most.

29. Careers involving technology are exciting and offer you new challenges.

30. Computers are valuable tools used to help solve problems in technology and to run our world.

31. Today, researchers use very fast computers to help design our future.

Завдання 7 а) Уважно вивчить таблиці 1 – 3 щодо формування, використання та значення зворотів з інфінітивом.

б) Перекладіть рідною мовою подані нижче речення:

1. His being invited to take part in this conference is natural as everybody knows of his having made interesting experiments in physics.

2. I remember having seen this film.

3. The new device was put into mass production on having been carefully tested.

4. The engineer having constructed a new type of this device was not known to us.

5. The workers succeeded in completing the construction of the plant in time because of their having introduced new methods of work.

6. Having received the necessary equipment we finished our experiment.

7. Having determined amperes and volts one can find the resistance by using Ohm’s law.

8. Having been tested on the stand the engine was put into operation.

9. Travelling into space has always been one of the greatest dreams of man.

10. For ages mankind has dreamed of reaching the top of the world, the North Pole.

11. After studying theory we can begin experimenting.

12. Before finishing the experiment we could not write the report.

13. An instrument for measuring current is called an ammeter, and for measuring voltage a voltmeter.

14. Think before speaking.

15. The engineers invited to our plant are well-known specialists.

16. The lecture followed by an experiment was interesting.

17. Having solved this important problem, the scientist made a report.

18. Being in London he visited some museums.

19. He likes reading such kinds of books.

20. After finishing the experiments the students left the laboratory.

21. I succeeded in having finished my work in time.

22. The problems being discussed at this conference are of great importance for the development of chemistry.

23. The metals being used in our work possess many important properties.

24. Technical and scientific problems being solved by our scientists are of great importance for the development of world science and technology.

25. Being heated to the proper temperature the metal will melt.

26. He is sorry to have been given so little time for this important work.

27. We are happy to have been included in the research group.

28. Our engineer has used the recommended method.

29. The report followed by the discussion showed the importance of this problem.

30. The amount of the heat produced depended upon the quality of the fuel used.

31. The two problems of the fuel used were widely discussed at the conference.

32. If dropped directly above the target the bomb will never damage it.

33. When asked he did not answer.

34. To know everything is to know nothing.

35. The machine was to be tested in our laboratory.

36. The machine to be tested in our laboratory was constructed by our students.

37. The main task of Faraday’s work was to find out the nature of electricity and magnetism.

38. The power station to be built on this river is to supply the town with electric energy.

39. To achieve better results we must repeat the experiment.

Завдання 8 Прочитайте текст, спробуйте якомога точніше зрозуміти і запам’ятати його зміст.

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