• Indo-European

• Common German (общегерманские)

• Specifically English or English words proper

Native words of the Indo-European origin are the oldest. They have correlated words in different Indo-European languages: Romanic, Slavonic, Germanic and even in Sanskrit. Here belong such words as: father, mother, brother, son; nose, heart, foot; goose, wolf; to be, to eat, to sit, to stand; quick, slow, red; numerals (up to 100).

Native words of the Common Germanic Stork have parallels in the languages of the Germanic group only: Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic etc. but not in Russian, French or Italian. They constitute a larger part of the native words in English. Here belong such words as: hand; summer, winter, spring; storm, rain, ice; house, ship; hat, shoe; life, hope; to go, to tell, to see, to hear, to drink, to sing, may, to have; dead, broad, green, gray; all, each, such; here, there, near etc.

The 3^rd group of native words is represented by the so-called English words proper which have no cognates or parallels in other languages. They are: boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, bird, daisy, always.

Q-6: Borrowings in the E V.

Borrowing words from other lang-ges has always been one of the important means of enlarging of the Eng voc-ry. There are many words in Eng that are of foreign origin. The lang-ge from which the loan word was taken into Eng is called the source of borr-g. The original lang-ge to which the word may be traced is called the origin of borr-g, e.g. the word “infantry” (пехота) has French as its source of bor-g and Italian is its origin. In etymological dictionaries the source comes 1^st.

Main groups of loan words in Eng are represented by borr-gs from Latin, Scandinavian and French. & from a lot of other lang-ges: Celtic, Greek, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Arabic. The history of the voc-ry of a lang-ge is closely related to the history of the people speaking the lang-ge.

Latin Borr-gs-are numerous in Eng. They constitute about a forth of the Eng voc-ry. As to historical period of their adoption, Latin borr-gs may be divided into 3 groups: 1) ancient borr-gs which goes back as far as the 1^st century B.C. when the Anglo-Saxon tribes were still on the continent and came into contact with the Romans through trade. Of this period they are: dish, cup, butter, cheese, wine, cherry, plum, hare, spices, pepper, street, wall, kitchen. 2) Borr-gs which came to Britain in the 6^th & 7^th centuries when Christianity was introduced: abbot, alter, angel, bishop, saint, candle, monk, nun, pope, Christ, school, noon. 3) Words borrowed during the Renaissance in the 14^th century through written speech: senior, major, minor, junior, accept, educate, basis, music, area, idea, aggravate. Most of them are only partially assimilated (grammatically) but Latin borr-gs of the 1^st 2 periods are completely assimilated borr-gs which belong to the basic word stock now.

Scandinavian Borr-gs in Eng are over 650 words which denote most common objects, properties and actions and belong to the basic word stock of Modern Eng. The Danish invasion resulted in the occupation of a great part of the country by Scandinavian settlers, who spoke Old Norse – the Germanic lang-ge, very close to Old Eng. Many Scandinavian words appeared in the Eng voc-ry: law, husband, fellow, sky, skin, wing, root, skill, anger, finger, gate, to die, to cast, to hit, to take, to call, to want, loose, wrong, low, ill, ugly, rotten, happy, they. A characteristic feature of Scan borr-gs is the preservation of the initial sounds [sk]=sk=sc: skirt, skill, scatter; or [g] before front vowels: get, give, forget, anger.

French Borr-gs are especially numerous in Eng. They may be divided into old (Norman) borr-gs, and new (Parisian) borr-gs. After the Norman conquest French became the official lang-ge in England. The 1^st French borr-gs were terms connected with war, court, law, soldiers, army, crown, country, piece, justice, office, government, state. There was almost no end to the Fr words that continued to pour into Eng up to the 16^th century: chair, table, furniture, dinner, supper, soup, jelly, sausage, to fry, to boil, joy, pleasure, delight, comfort, dress, colour, flower, fruit, desire, castle, mention, beauty. These early Norman borr-gs are usually fully assimilated words. In the 17^th century there was a change in the character of Fr borr-gs. New borr-gs preserved their Fr forms as a rule: campaign, garage, ballet, rouge, bucket, and matinee, machine. Besides Latin, Scan, Fr borr-gs the Eng lang-ge contains words borrowed from other lang-ges.

Celtic Borr-gs are of historical importance for Eng. When the Anglo-Saxons came to the British Isles in the 5^th century they met with the Celts or Britains – the native inhabitants of the British Isles whom they pushed away to the North and the West. The whole number of Celtic words in Eng is 165 according to Walter Skeat’s counts: banner (булка домашнего хлеба), bard, glad, clad, cradle, loch/lock (lake). Celtic elements are mostly found in place names, e.g. aber (the mouth of the river) – Aberdeen; avon (a river) – Stratford-on-Avon; inch (an island) – Inchcape.

Greek Borr-gs were usually adopted through Latin and French. Many Latin Christian terms were of Greek origin: abbot, bishop, school, Christ, monk; chair, police, policy, chronicle came to English from Greek through Latin and French. The direct borr-ng of the Greek words into English started only in the period of the Renaissance: tragedy, comedy, drama. Greek elements, affixes and roots are widely used in Eng to create new terms: telephone, photography, telegramme.