Is the most productive means of wb in Eng.

Aff-n is the formation of new words by adding a derivational affix to a derivational base. It is divided into: Suffixation, Prefixation.The difference b/w suffixes & preffixes is that preffixes as a rule only modify the lexical m-ng of a word without changing the part of speech to which the word belongs: to tie – to untie.

Suffixes modify the lexical m-ng of a word & form a word belonging to a diff-nt part of speech. Suffixes are usually classified according to the part of speech they form: 1. Noun-forming suffixes ( to read – reader, dark – darkness); 2. Adjective-forming (powerful); 3. Verb-forming (to purify); 4. Adverbal-forming (quickly).

Prefixes are classified according to their m-ng: 1. Negative (-un; -non; -in; -dis...); 2. privative (-un; -de; -dis..); 3. Pejorative (уничижительные) (mis-; mal- (maltreat-дурно обращаться); pseudo-); 4. Pref of time & order (fore-(foretell); pre-(prewar); post-; ex-(ex-wife); 5. Pref of repetition (re- rewrite); 6. Locative (super-; sub-subway; into-; trans –atlantic)).

The 2 main criteria, according to which all the affixes are subdivided are: 1) origin; 2) productivity.

As to their origin affixes are: Native; Borrowed (may be classified according to the source of borrowing (Greek, Latin)).

According to their productivity, i.e. the ability to build new words at the present time, Eng aff are: Productive or living affixes, used to build new words now; Non-productive, not used in the WB now, or used very rarely. Produc-ty shouldn’t be confused with frequency. What is frequent may turn out to be non-productive (-some (adj.)-handsome is very frequent, but not productive). Some native pref-s still productive in Eng are: - fore; -out (grow); over (estimate); -un (able); -up (bringing); -under, -mis. Productive foreign pref-s are: -dis (like); -en (close); -re(call); -super (natural); -pre (war); -non (drinking); -anti (noise). Native noun-forming suffixes in modern Eng are: -er (writer); -ster (youngster), -ness(brightness). Adjective-forming native suffixes (productive in Eng) are: -y (rocky); -ish (Turkish), ful; -ed (cultured); -less (useless). Foreign productive noun-forming suffixes are: -ee (employee); -tion (revolution); -ism(Gr., realism); -ist. Borr-ed productive verb-forming suffixes of Romanic origin are: -ise,ize (organize), -fy, ify (signify).

Prefixation is more typical of adjectives & verbs. Suffixation is almost used in all parts of speech.

2 types of semantic relations b/w affixes: Hom-my; Syn-my. H-mous pref-s are: -in: inactive, to inform. H-mous suf-es are: -ful₁ (adj.-forming), -ful₂ (noun-forming-spoonful), -ly₁ (adj.-forming-friendly), -ly₂ (adverb-forming-quickly). Some affixes make a chain of syn-ms: the native suffix –er denoting an agent, is syn-mous to suffix –ist (Gr.)-socialist & to suffix –eer – also denoting an agent (engineer) but often having a derogatory force (`sonneteer- стихоплёт, profiteer – спекулянт). Some aff-s are polysemantic: the noun-forming suffix –er has several m-ngs: A doer of the action –giver; An instrument –boiler, trailer; A profession, occupation –driver;An inhabitant of some place –londoner.

Q-12: Conversion

is one of the most productive WB means in Eng. Words, formed by means of Conv-n have identical phonetic & graphic initial forms but belong to diff-nt parts of speech (n. doctor; v. to doctor).

Conv-n is a process of creating a new word in a diff-nt part of speech & with diff-nt distribution charac-tic but without adding any derivative elements, so that the basic form of the original & the basic form of the derived words are: hom-mous (identical). The main reason for the widespread conv-n in Eng is its analytical character, absence of lack of inflexions. Conv-n is treated diff-ntly in ling-tic literature. Some linguists define conv-n as a non-affixal way of WB (Marchened defines conv-n as the formation of new words with the help of a zero morpheme).Some Am & Eng ling-sts define conv-n as a functional shift from one part of speech to another, viewing conv-n as a purely syntactical process.

Accoding to this point of view, a word may function as 2 or more diff-nt parts of speech at the same time, which is impossible. Smernitsky treats conv-n as a morphological way of WB. According to him conv-n is the formation of a new word through the changes in its paradigm. But All the morphological & syntactical changes accompany the semantic process in conv-n. Conv-n may be treated as a semantical-morphological-syntactical process. As a word within the conv-n pair is semantically derived from the other there are certain semantic relations within a conv-n pair.

De-nominal words (от глагола) make up the largest group & display the follow semantic relations with the nouns: action characteristic of the thing: -a butcher; to butcher; instrumental use of the thing: a whip-to wheep; acquisition of a thing: a coat; to coat; deprivation/loss of a thing: skin – to skin.

Deverbal substantives (отглаг.сущ)they may denote: instance of the action: to move – a move; agent of the action: to switch – a switch; place of the action: to walk- a walk; object or result of the action: to find – a find.The Eng voc-ry has plenty of verbs, converted from nouns( or denominal verbs) & nouns, converted from verbs (deverbal substances): pin –to pin; honeymoon-to honeymoon.

There are also some other cases of conv-n: batter-to batter, up – to up.

Q-13: Composition