- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •V erbals
- •V erbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •T o stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •T o prefer
- •T o be afraid
- •C annot help
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive can be introduced by a conjunction or preposition. In this function the attribute can be expressed by a conjunctive infinitive phrase with the following conjunctions:
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Group 1. Verbs of seeming or chancing with the general meaning of evaluation
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To like
- •T o remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •T o prefer
- •T o be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •T o intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
Compare
Subject |
Adverbial Modifier of Purpose |
(What?) To occupy your mind while you are ill is very important.
|
She did some mental calculations (what for?) to occupy her mind. (What for?) To occupy her mind she did some mental calculations. |
2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
№ |
Characteristic Features |
Questions |
Used with: |
2 |
It is used to denote an action which becomes possible or impossible due to some action or state expressed by the words it refers to. |
No identifying questions. |
Adverbs of degree:
Conjunctions: “not so … as” |
The apples are not ripe enough to eat. (The apples are not ripe yet; as a result you can’t eat them.) = Яблоки недостаточно спелые, чтобы их есть. / Яблука недостатньо спілі, щоб їх їсти.
We are too clever to believe him. (We are clever; as a result we do not believe him. = Мы слишком умны, чтобы поверить ему. / Ми занадто розумні, щоб повірити йому.
Mary was too busy to see anyone. ( = Mary was busy; as a result she did not see anyone.) Мэри была слишком занята, чтобы видеть кого-либо. / Мэри була занадто зайнята, щоб бачити кого-небудь.
The book was too primitive for me to read it even on holiday. = Книга была слишком примитивна для меня, чтобы я мог читать ее даже в отпуске. / Книга була занадто примітивна для мене, щоб я міг читати її навіть у відпустці.
His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met. = Его поведение было таким, что он обижал всех, с кем он встречался. / Його поведінка була такою, що він кривдив усіх, з ким він зустрічався.
My new boss was so kind as to help me. – Мой новый начальник был настолько добр, что помог мне закончить этот отчет. / Мій новий начальник був настільки добрий, що допоміг мені закінчити цей звіт.
This judge is not such a fool as to believe that you are innocent. – Этот судья не настолько глуп, чтобы поверить, что вы невиновны. / Цей суддя не настільки дурний, щоб повірити, що ви невинні.
I am not so stupid as to believe that. (very formal) = Я не настолько глуп, чтобы поверить этому. / Я не настільки дурний, щоб повірити цьому.
Note the absence of a pronoun in the second part of the sentence in the first example; it differs from Russian or Ukrainian sentences. So it will be wrong to say ‘The apples are not ripe enough to eat them.’- Яблоки недостаточно спелые, чтобы их есть. / Яблука недостатньо спілі, щоб їх їсти.
3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
Characteristic Features |
Conjunction |
No identifying questions |
than |
George knew his uncle better than to ask him questions. = Джордж знал своего дядюшку слишком хорошо, чтобы задавать ему вопросы. / Джордж знав свого дядюшку занадто добре, щоб задавати йому питання.
Georgina knew better than to trust Val. = Джорджина была не настолько глупа, чтобы доверять Вэлу. / Джорджина була не настільки дурна, щоб довіряти Вэлу.
To give is more blessed than to receive. (Gerund is also possible in this case, e.g. Giving is more blessed than receiving.) = Блажен тот, кто дает, а не тот, кто получает. / Блаженний той, хто дає, а не той, хто одержує.